- Ibrahim Khalil Ahmed, The History of the Modern Arab World in the Ottoman Era 1516-1916, Mosul, Mosul University Press, 1986.
- Ahmed Shalabi, Christianity, 10th edition, Cairo, Egyptian Nahda Library, 1998, p. 195.
- Ismail Haqqi, Lebanon Scientific and Social Investigations, 3rd edition, Beirut, Dar Al-Hadd Khater, 1993, vol. 1.
- Father Boutros Daou, The Religious, Political and Cultural History of the Maronites from Saint Maron to Saint John 325-700, Beirut, Dar Al-Nahar Publishing, 1970, Part 1.
- Amira Jabr, French Travelers in the Land of the Cedars, Studies and Impressions through the Nineteenth Century 1798-1918, Beirut, 1993.
- Hamdi Al-Zahir, The Politics of Governance in Lebanon, Cairo, International Press, 1977.
- Saad al-Din Ibrahim, Sects, Sects, and Customs: Concerns of Minorities in the Arab World, Cairo, Ibn Khaldun Center, 1993.
- Samir Abdo, Syrian Christians for Two Thousand Years, Damascus, Aladdin Publishing House, 2000.
- Abd al-Razzaq Abd al-Razzaq Issa, American Christianization in the Levant 1834-1914, Cairo, Madbouly Library, 2005.
- Abdul Aziz Awad, The Ottoman Administration in the State of Syria 1864-1914, Cairo, Dar Al-Maaref, 1969.
- Abdul Malik Khalaf Al-Tamimi, Evangelism in the Arabian Gulf Region, Kuwait, Kazma Publishing, Translation and Distribution Company, 1982.
- Abdel Moneim Fouad, Christianity between monotheism and trinity and Islam’s position on it, Riyadh, Baalbek Library, 2002.
- Ali Hassoun, History of the Ottoman Empire, 3rd edition, Islamic Office, 1994
- Ali Suleiman Al-Miqdad, Lebanon from Sects to Taif, Beirut, Arab Center for Research and Documentation, (D.T.).
- Philip Matty, History of Syria, Lebanon and Palestine, 3rd edition, translated by: Kamal Al-Yaziji, Beirut, House of Culture, (ed.).
- Constantine Bazili, Syria and Palestine under Ottoman Rule, translated by: Tariq Masrani, Moscow, Dar Al-Taqadum, 1989.
- Qais Jawad Al-Ghazwi, The Ottoman Empire, A New Reading of the Factors of Decline, Center for Islamic and World Studies, 1994.
- Kamal Al-Salibi, Modern History of Lebanon, 10th edition, Beirut, Dar Al-Nahar Publishing, 2008.
- Matthew Musa, The Maronites in History, 2nd edition, Damascus, Dar Qadmus for Publishing and Distribution, 2004.
- Muhammad al-Qadi and Abdullah al-Sawla, Reformist Thought among the Arabs in the Renaissance, Dar al-Janoub Publishing House, 1929.
- Muhammad Anis, The Ottoman Empire and the Arab Levant, Cairo, Anglo-Egyptian, 1980.
- Muhammad Farid Bey Al-Lawyer, History of the Ottoman Empire, Dar Al-Ajyal.
- Mustafa Al-Khalidi and Omar Farroukh, Evangelization and Colonialism in the Arab Countries, Beirut, Modern Library, 1995.
- Mamdouh Hussein, An Introduction to the History of the Christianization Movement, Amman, Ammar Publishing House, 1995.
- Michel Gharib, The Feudal Sect in Lebanon, 2nd edition, Beirut, 1964.
- Yassin Sweid, France and the Maronites in Lebanon, reports and correspondence of the French military campaign against Syria 1860-1861, Beirut, Publications Company for Distribution and Publishing, 1992.
theses
- Abd al-Rahman bin Muhammad bin Abd al-Rahman al-Shehri, Christianization in Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and Eastern Jordan, unpublished master’s thesis, Imam Muhammad bin Saud University - College of Preaching and Information, 1983.
Published research
- Orthodox and Evangelicals in the Arab East, a historical reading and future prospects, Proceedings of the May 2004 Conference, Balamand University Publications, 2006, p. 44.
- Badia Haider, Information Magazine, Issue 50, December 2008
Encyclopedias
- The International Arab Encyclopedia, Riyadh, Encyclopedia House for Printing and Publishing, 1996.
- Encyclopedia Britannica Library (C.D), Chicago,2014
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