An analytical study of the climatic elements in Bazian region - Sulaymaniyah for the period from 1985 - 2022 and its impact on the planting dates of some crops | ||
Kirkuk University Journal For Agricultural Sciences | ||
Volume 14, Issue 3, September 2023, Pages 399-412 PDF (1.14 M) | ||
Document Type: Research Paper | ||
DOI: 10.58928/ku23.14339 | ||
Author | ||
Akram M. Abdulrahman* | ||
Agricultural Research Directorate in Sulaimaniyah, Iraq | ||
Abstract | ||
During a field study in Bazian Plain which is one of the most important agricultural areas in Sulaymaniyah it became clear that current scenario is linked to rapid climate change directly. Arid and semi-arid ecosystems are likely to be particularly affected by changes in wind speed and vapour pressure regimes, changes in those regimes may show from climate data that vapour pressure has clearly increased during these years. For instance, in January and February of 2017 wind speed reached 8 and 9 (m. sec.-1). Sulaymaniyah Meteorology Department reported a lesser speed of 0.1 (m. sec.-1) in the months 4, 5, 6 and 9, on average the greatest rates of 3.1 and 2.2 (m. sec.-1) in 1985 and 1992. on the other hand, in 1991 recorded the lowest rate of (1 m. sec.-1) amounts and times of precipitation during the study years, floods occurred in some seasons the dry seasons less than 300 (ml) were very few, while the remaining seasons were more than 450 (ml) rainfall amounts in the seasons 2006-2007, 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 were among the driest seasons during the years of the study Which was straight (66000, 87000, 86000) dunam. as the agricultural areas were reduced to their lowest levels, although the levels of precipitation were acceptable. The data gathered found that the average annual temperature rate has increased by over 1.3(°C) with the warmest year for this time being recorded in 2010 at 21.55(°C). Sunshine was the lowest in terms of the number of daylight hours in December with total annual averages for the period 1985-2022 for December being 184.4 (hours) 1996 was the lowest with 2.3 (hr.) and 2018 was also the second lowest with a value of 3.3 (hr.) During the decades of the study period, wheat growing seasons advanced mostly to November, and in recent decades (2011-2020) (2010-2009) 20 farmers plant in December to ensure rainfall. | ||
Keywords | ||
: climate change,,; ,،precipitation,,; ,،temperature | ||
References | ||
[1] - Moberg, A. & Jones, P.D. (2005). Trends in indices for extremes in daily temperature and precipitation in Central and Western Europe, 1901-99. Int. J. Climatol., 25(9): 1149-1171. DOI:10.1002/joc.1163.
[2] - Misson, L.; Rocheteau, A.; Rambal, S.; Ourcival, J. M.; Limousin, J. M. and Rodriguez R. (2010). Functional changes in the control of carbon fluxes after 3 years of increased drought in a Mediterranean evergreen forest? Glob Chang Biol. (16) 2461–2475. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009. 02121.x
[3] - Akram., M., Abdulrahman and Jawhar, H., Khalid. (2019). Influence of climate changes (Winds, vapour pressure) on Sulaimaniyah Governorate stricture and sustainable Agroecosystem, Kufa Journal for Agricultural Sciences, No. 11, Vol. 2, pp. 43-53
[4] - Stanhill, G. and Cohen, S. (2001). Global dimming: A review of the evidence for a widespread and significant reduction in global radiation with discussion of its probable causes and possible agricultural consequences. Agric. For. Meteorol, (107)255–278 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00241-
[5] - Aggarwal, P.K. (2008). Global climate change and Indian agriculture: Impacts, adaptation and mitigation. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 78(10): 911-919
[6] - Dell, M.; Jones, B., F. and Olken, B., A. (2014). What do We Learn from the weather? The new climate ecosystem literatures. J. Econ. Lit., 52(3): 740-798. DOI: 10.1257/jel.52.3.740.
[7] - Brayshaw, D. J.; Troccoli, A., Fordham R. and Methven J. (2011). The Impact of Large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns on wind power generation & potential predictability: case study over UK Renew. Energy 36 2087–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene. 2011.01.025
[8] - Schuur, E., A., G.; McGuire, A., D.; Schädel, C.; Grosse, G.; Harden, J. W.; Hayes, D., J. (2015). Climate change and the permafrost carbon feedback. Nature (520) 171–179. doi: 10.1038/nature14338
[9] - Akram, M., Abdulrahman.; Jawhar H., Khalid; Zana, M., Majeed; and Aso, K., Taieb. (2021). Influence of temperature rice over 48-year on Sulaimaniyah agroecosystem structure and nematodes distribution GIS application, Zagazig J.Agric. Res., No. 48 Vol. 1, pp.111- 122, DOI.10.21608/zjar.2021.165676
[10] - Chiacchio, M. and Wild, M. (2010). Influence of NAO and clouds on long-term seasonal variations of surface solar radiation in Europe. J. Geophys. Res. 115: D00D22, doi: 10.1029/2009JD012182.
[11] - Chen, W.; Zheng, X.; Chen, Q.; Wolf, B.; Butterbach-Bahl, K. and Brüggemann, N. (2013). Effects of increasing precipitation and nitrogen deposition on CH4 and N2O fluxes and ecosystem respiration in a degraded steppe in Inner Mongolia, China. Geoderma. (192) 335-340. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.08.018
[12] - IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). (2013). Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. Working Group, I contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1.
[13] - Fischer, G.; Shah, M. and Tubiello, F., V., H. (2005). Socio-economic and climate change impacts on agriculture: An integrated assessment, 1990–2080. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. (360) 2067–2083.
[15] - He, L.; Asseng, S.; Zhao, G.; Wu, D.; Yang, X.; Zhuang, W.; Jin, N. and Yu, Q. (2015). Impacts of recent climate warming, cultivar changes, and crop management on winter wheat phenology across the Loess Plateau of China. Agric. For. Meteorol. (200)135–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet 2014.09.01
[16] - Huang, L.; Wang, Z., Wei, Y., and Zhang, X. (2009). Ecosystem respiration and its controlling factors in the riparian wetland of Yangtze River. Acta Ecol. Sin. (29) 3621–3628. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2009.07.021
[17] - Zhang, B.; Li, W.; Chen, S.; Tan, X.; Wang, S.; Chen, M. (2019). Changing precipitation exerts greater influence on soil heterotrophic than autotrophic respiration in a semiarid steppe. Agric. For. Meteorol. (271) 413–421. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.03.019
[18] - Akram, M., Abdulrahman; Jawhar, H., Khalid and Zana, M., Majeed. (2022). A Study on Precipitation Change and its Impact on Wheat Cultivation in Sulaimaniyah Region, Iraq. Biological and Applied Environment Research. Vol. 6(2): 178-191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51304/baer
[19] - Al-Quraishi, A.M.F.; Gaznayee, H., A., A., and Messina, J.P. (2021). Drought severity trend analysis based on the landsat time-series dataset of 1998-2017 in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region. In: IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., 779(1): 012083. IOP Publishing.
[20] - Kitsara, G.; Papaioannou, G.; Papathanasiou, A. and Retalis A. (2012). Dimming/ brightening in Athens: trends in sunshine duration. Cloud cover and reference evapotranspiration. Water Resour. Manage. 27(6): 1623–1633.
[21] - Bett, P., E.; H. E. Thornton and R. T. Clark. (2017). Using the Twentieth Century Reanalysis to assess climate variability for the European wind industry. Theor. Appl. Climatol. (127). 61–80, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-015-1591-y.
[22] - USGCRP. (U.S. Global Change Research Program). (2017). Climate science special report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, volume I. Wuebbles, D.J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K.Maycock(eds.). https://science2017.globalchange gov. doi:10.7930/J0J964J6
[23] - Rustad, L. E.; Huntington, T. G. and Boone, R., D. (2000). Controls on soil respiration: implications for climate change. Biogeochemistry (48) 1–6. doi: 10.1023/A:1006255431298
[24] - Rötter, R., P. and Geijn, S., C. van de. (1999). Climate Change Effects on Plant Growth, Crop Yield and Livestock. Clim. Chang. (43) 651–68.
[25] - Akram, M. Abdulrahman; Farhad, M., T.; Hassen, R., H.; Awara, A., A.; Bakhtiar, A., K. (2020). Influence of heavy rainfall in 2018-2019 and submerging on some soil properties greenhouse’s in Bazian plain, Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Kufa Journal for Agricultural Sciences.12(1) PP.1-10
[26] - Lobell, D.B.; Schlenker, W. and Costa-Roberts, J. (2011). Climate trends and global crop production since 1980. Science, 333(6042): 616-620. DOI:10.1126/ science.1204531
[27] - Gang, F.; Zhen, S. and Zhang, X. (2018). Increased precipitation has stronger effects on plant production of an alpine meadow than does experimental warming in the Northern Tibetan Plateau. Agric. For. Meteorol. 249, 11–21. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.11.0
[28] - Deng, Q.; Aras, S.; Yu, C., L.; Dzantor, E., K.; Fay, P., A. and Luo, Y. (2017). Effects of precipitation changes on aboveground net primary production and soil respiration in a switchgrass field. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.(248) 29–37. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2017.07.023
[29] -Borken, W.; Savage, K.; Davidson, E. and Trumbore, S. (2006). Effects of experimental drought on soil respiration and radiocarbon efflux from a temperate fo[30] - Johnston, A. S. A.; Meade, A., Ardö, J.; Arriga, N.; Black, A. and Blanken, P. D. (2021). Temperature thresholds of ecosystem respiration at a global scale. Nat. Ecol. Evol. (5) 487–494. doi: 10.1038/s41559-021-01398-z
[31] -NOAA. National Centers for Environmental Information. (2023). State of the Climate: Global Climate Report for 2022. Accessed January 18,
[32] - Fan, W.; Liu, Y.; Chappell, A.; Dong, L.; Xu, R.; Ekström, M., Fu, T. and Zeng, Z. (2021). Evaluation of global reanalysis land surface wind speed trends to support wind energy development using in situ observations J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol.(60),33–50,https://doi.org/10.1175 /JAMC-D-20-0037.1rest soil. Glob. Change Biol. (12) 177–193. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005. 001058.x
[33] - Zhao, J.; Luo, T.; Li, R.; Li, X. and Tian, L. (2016). Grazing effect on growing season ecosystem respiration and its temperature sensitivity in alpine grasslands along a large altitudinal gradient on the central Tibetan Plateau. Agric. For. Meteorol. 114–121. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2015.12.005
[34] - Zhang, P., Ren, C., Sun, H. and Min, L. (2018). Sorption, desorption and degradation of neonicotinoids in four agricultural soils and their effects on soil microorganism. Sci. Total Environ., 615:59-69 | ||
Statistics Article View: 860 PDF Download: 65 |