Sabri, R., Sultan, M., Al-Ahmady, K. (2023). Assessment of Microplastic Particles in Tap Water on The Right Side of Mosul City, Iraq. Alustath, 28(2), 310-321. doi: 10.33899/rengj.2023.140745.1257
Rasha Khalid Sabri; Mhmood Hameed Sultan; Kossay K. Al-Ahmady. "Assessment of Microplastic Particles in Tap Water on The Right Side of Mosul City, Iraq". Alustath, 28, 2, 2023, 310-321. doi: 10.33899/rengj.2023.140745.1257
Sabri, R., Sultan, M., Al-Ahmady, K. (2023). 'Assessment of Microplastic Particles in Tap Water on The Right Side of Mosul City, Iraq', Alustath, 28(2), pp. 310-321. doi: 10.33899/rengj.2023.140745.1257
Sabri, R., Sultan, M., Al-Ahmady, K. Assessment of Microplastic Particles in Tap Water on The Right Side of Mosul City, Iraq. Alustath, 2023; 28(2): 310-321. doi: 10.33899/rengj.2023.140745.1257

Assessment of Microplastic Particles in Tap Water on The Right Side of Mosul City, Iraq

Al-Rafidain Engineering Journal (AREJ)
Volume 28, Issue 2, September 2023, Pages 310-321    PDF (694.42 K)
Document Type: Research Paper
DOI: 10.33899/rengj.2023.140745.1257
Authors
Rasha Khalid Sabri* 1; Mhmood Hameed Sultan1; Kossay K. Al-Ahmady2
1Department of Environmental Science, College of Environmental Science and Technologies, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
2President of the University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
Abstract
In recent years, microplastics (MPs) contamination has become a serious concern in water distribution systems. Few studies on microplastics' numbers and their characteristics have been described. The current study focused on the abundance, characteristics, and polymer type of plastic particles in the tap water within 16 sites on the right side of Al-Mosul city, including eight areas equipped by the Alayman aljadid drinking water treatment plant (AYJ-DWTP) and eight others that supplied by water from the Alayman alqadim plant (AYQ-DWTP). A stereomicroscope (SM) is used to detect MPs abundance and morphology by capturing images of plastic particles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was applied to distinguish polymer types. In this study, results elucidated that the presence of microplastics in the tap water of both the AYJ-water distribution network (WDN) and AYG-WDN ranged from 28 to 69 MPs/L, with an average of 45 ± 10 MPs/L. Fibres and fragments were the dominant form of microplastics, estimated for (89-91%) of total particles. The transparent colour of particles was the most abundant. Polyvinylchloride (PVC) and Nylon Polyamide (PA) were the most common polymers of MPs around (39%) and (21%), respectively. Statistical analysis was applied by ANOVA test. The PVC risk index was very high.
Keywords
Microplastics; Plastic pipes types; Fourier transform infrared; Stereomicroscope; Tap water
References
  1. . Zhang et al., “Microplastics in the environment: A review of analytical methods, distribution, and biological effects,” TrAC - Trends Anal. Chem., vol. 111, pp. 62–72, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.002.
  2. R. Rayan Faisal and Alsaffar, “Bioplastic Degradation, Production and Genetic Improvements of Bioplastic Producing Strains: A review,” vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 69–74, 2023, doi: 10.33899/rjs.2023.178575.
  3. L. Almaiman et al., “The occurrence and dietary intake related to the presence of microplastics in drinking water in Saudi Arabia,” Environ. Monit. Assess., vol. 193, no. 7, p. 390, 2021, doi: 10.1007/s10661-021-09132-9.
  4. G. Casillas et al., “Microplastics scoping review of environmental and human exposure data,” Microplastics, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 78–92, 2023. doi:10.3390/microplastics2010006
  5. Z. Fu and J. Wang, “Current practices and future perspectives of microplastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems in China,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 691, pp. 697–712, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.167.
  6. T. A. Al-Tayyar, “Characteristics of Plastic Solid Wastes in Mosul City and Their Reuse,” IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 779, no. 1, 2021, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/779/1/012071.
  7. C. Wang et al., “Microplastic Pollution in the Soil Environment: Characteristics, Influencing Factors, and Risks,” Sustain., vol. 14, no. 20, pp. 1–14, 2022, doi: 10.3390/su142013405.
  8. I. Semmouri, M. Vercauteren, E. Van Acker, E. Pequeur, J. Asselman, and C. Janssen, “Presence of microplastics in drinking water from different freshwater sources in Flanders ( Belgium ), an urbanized region in Europe,” Int. J. Food Contam., vol. 8, pp. 1–11, 2022, doi: 10.1186/s40550-022-00091-8.
  9. R. S. Al-hussayni, K. K. Al-ahmady, and R. K.S. Mhemid, “Assessment of Indoor Microplastic Particles Pollution in Selected Sites of Mosul City,” vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 322–332, 2023.
  10. K. Ho, D. Tang, and T. Hadibarata, “Microplastics removal through water treatment plants : Its feasibility , efficiency , future prospects and enhancement by proper waste management,” Environ. Challenges, vol. 5, no. July, p. 100264, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.envc.2021.100264.
  11. S. Singh, T. Trushna, M. Kalyanasundaram, A. J. Tamhankar, and V. Diwan, “Microplastics in drinking water: a macro issue,” Water Supply, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 5650–5674, 2022, doi: 10.2166/ws.2022.189.
  12. K. Waldschlager, “Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment: Occurrence, Persistence, Analysis, and Human Exposure,” Wasser und Abfall, vol. 20, no. 1–2, pp. 50–55, 2021, doi: 10.3390/w13070973.
  13. A. A. Koelmans, N. H. Mohamed Nor, E. Hermsen, M. Kooi, S. M. Mintenig, and J. De France, “Microplastics in freshwaters and drinking water: Critical review and assessment  of data quality.,” Water Res., vol. 155, pp. 410–422, May 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.02.054.
  14. F. Weber, J. Kerpen, S. Wolff, R. Langer, and V. Eschweiler, “Investigation of microplastics contamination in drinking water of a German city,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 755, p. 143421, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143421.
  15. M. Yan et al., “Microplastic abundance, distribution and composition in the Pearl River along Guangzhou city and Pearl River estuary, China,” Chemosphere, vol. 217, pp. 879–886, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.093.
  16. S. Rainieri and A. Barranco, “Microplastics, a food safety issue?,” Trends Food Sci. Technol., vol. 84, pp. 55–57, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.12.009.
  17. G. F. Schirinzi, I. Pérez-Pomeda, J. Sanchís, C. Rossini, M. Farré, and D. Barceló, “Cytotoxic effects of commonly used nanomaterials and microplastics on cerebral and epithelial human cells,” Environ. Res., vol. 159, pp. 579–587, 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.043.
  18. Q. Wang et al., “Effects of bisphenol A and nanoscale and microscale polystyrene plastic exposure on particle uptake and toxicity in human Caco-2 cells,” Chemosphere, vol. 254, p. 126788, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126788.
  19. M. S. Bhuyan, “Effects of Microplastics on Fish and in Human Health,” Front. Environ. Sci., vol. 10, no. March, pp. 1–17, 2022, doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.827289.
  20. L. M. L. Nollet, Food Analysis & Properties Series Editor. 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.crcpress.com/Food-Anal
  21. C. Campanale, C. Massarelli, I. Savino, V. Locaputo, and V. F. Uricchio, “A detailed review study on potential effects of microplastics and additives of concern on human health,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol. 17, no. 4, 2020, doi: 10.3390/ijerph17041212.
  22. L. G. A. Barboza, A. Dick Vethaak, B. R. B. O. Lavorante, A. K. Lundebye, and L. Guilhermino, “Marine microplastic debris: An emerging issue for food security, food safety and human health,” Mar. Pollut. Bull., vol. 133, no. June, pp. 336–348, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.047.
  23. Y. Deng, Y. Zhang, B. Lemos, and H. Ren, “Tissue accumulation of microplastics in mice and biomarker responses suggest widespread health risks of exposure,” Sci. Rep., vol. 7, no. October, pp. 1–4, 2017, doi: 10.1038/srep46687.
  24. A.-A. AL-Dabag, “Effect of Recirculation Ratio, Organic Loading and Suspended Solids Loading on the Efficiency of the Trickling Filters With Plastic Media,” Al-Rafidain Eng., vol. 22, pp. 147–157, 2013.
  25. H. Tong, Q. Jiang, X. Hu, and X. Zhong, “Occurrence and identification of microplastics in tap water from China,” Chemosphere, vol. 252, p. 126493, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126493.
  26. I. V. Kirstein, A. Gomiero, and J. Vollertsen, “Microplastic pollution in drinking water,” Curr. Opin. Toxicol., vol. 28, pp. 70–75, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.cotox.2021.09.003.
  27. Y. Picó, I. Manzoor, V. Soursou, and D. Barceló, “Microplastics in water , from treatment process to drinking water : analytical methods and potential,” 2022, doi: 10.20517/wecn.2022.04.
  28. M. Abduljabbar, “The Situation Of Water Treatment Plant In Mosul City,” Journal, Al-rafidain Eng., vol. 24, no. 2, p. 8, 2020.
  29. D. Kossay K. Al-Ahmady and Z. A. Znad, “The Optimum Conditions For Fluoride Removal From Drinking Water Using Nalgonda Method (Flocculation And Sedimentation),” AL-Rafdain Eng. J., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 38–47, 2014, doi: 10.33899/rengj.2014.87315.
  30. Y. Xu, Q. He, C. Liu, and X. Huangfu, “Are Micro- or Nanoplastics Leached from Drinking Water Distribution Systems?,” Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 53, no. 16, pp. 9339–9340, 2019, doi: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03673.
  31. K. Moraczewska-Majkut and W. K. Nocoń, “Microplastic in tap water – preliminary tests,” Desalin. Water Treat., vol. 275, no. December 2021, pp. 116–121, 2022, doi: 10.5004/dwt.2022.28822.
  32. C. Sanz-lázaro et al., “Microplastics in sediments of the Pantanal Wetlands , Brazil,” no. October, 2022, doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.1017480.
  33. M. Zhang et al., “Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Microplastics in Urban Tap Water and Water Sources in Qingdao, China,” Anal. Lett., vol. 53, no. 8, pp. 1312–1327, May 2020, doi: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1705476.
  34. L. Shao, L. Yaowei, C. Yang, and Z. Mengyuan, “Microplastic atmospheric dustfall pollution in urban environment: Evidence from the types, distribution, and probable sources in Beijing, China,” no. May, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155989.
  35. V. Hidalgo-Ruz, L. Gutow, R. C. Thompson, and M. Thiel, “Microplastics in the marine environment: A review of the methods used for identification and quantification,” Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 3060–3075, 2012, doi: 10.1021/es2031505.
  36. J. Dalmau-Soler, R. Ballesteros-Cano, N. Ferrer, M. R. Boleda, and S. Lacorte, “Microplastics throughout a tap water supply network,” Water Environ. J., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 292–298, 2022, doi: 10.1111/wej.12766.
  37. L. J. W. Herv, “Fisher ’ s Least Significant Difference ( LSD ) Test 1 Overview 2 Notations 3 Least significant difference,” pp. 1–6, 2010.
  38. V. C. Shruti, F. Pérez-Guevara, and G. Kutralam-Muniasamy, “Metro station free drinking water fountain- A potential ‘microplastics hotspot’  for human consumption.,” Environ. Pollut., vol. 261, p. 114227, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114227.
  39. M. Kosuth, S. A. Mason, and E. V. Wattenberg, “Anthropogenic contamination of tap water, beer, and sea salt,” PLoS One, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1–18, 2018, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194970.
  40. X. Zhang, T. Lin, and X. Wang, “Investigation of microplastics release behavior from ozone-exposed plastic pipe materials,” Environ. Pollut., vol. 296, p. 118758, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118758.
  41. A. J. Whelton and T. Nguyen, “Contaminant Migration From Polymeric Pipes Used in Buried Potable Water Distribution Systems: A Review,” Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 43, no. 7, pp. 679–751, 2013, doi: 10.1080/10643389.2011.627005.
  42. T. S. Gill, R. Knapp, S. W. Bradley, and W. L. Bradley, “Long term durability of crosslinked polyethylene tubing used in chlorinated hot water systems,” Plast. Rubber Compos., vol. 28, pp. 309–313, 1999.
  43. L. Feld, V. H. Da Silva, F. Murphy, N. B. Hartmann, and J. Strand, “A study of microplastic particles in danish tap water,” Water (Switzerland), vol. 13, no. 15, 2021, doi: 10.3390/w13152097.
  44. H. Zhao et al., “Pollution status of microplastics in the freshwater environment of China: a mini review,” Water Emerg. Contam. Nanoplastics, 2022, doi: 10.20517/wecn.2021.05.
  45. D. Eerkes-Medrano, R. C. Thompson, and D. C. Aldridge, “Microplastics in freshwater systems: A review of the emerging threats, identification of knowledge gaps and prioritisation of research needs,” Water Res., vol. 75, pp. 63–82, 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.012.
  46. D. N. Michler‐kozma, L. Kruckenfellner, A. Heitkamp, K. P. Ebke, and F. Gabel, “Uptake and Transfer of Polyamide Microplastics in a Freshwater Mesocosm Study,” Water (Switzerland), vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 1–10, 2022, doi: 10.3390/w14060887.
  47. F. Liu, K. B. Olesen, A. R. Borregaard, and J. Vollertsen, “Microplastics in urban and highway stormwater retention ponds,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 671, pp. 992–1000, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.416.
  48. R. Delta, Q. Liu, and Z. Lai, “Microplastics in Freshwaters and Drinking Water: Critical Review and Assessment of Data Quality,” 2022.
  49. D. Lithner, A. Larsson, and G. Dave, “Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 409, no. 18, pp. 3309–3324, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.038.
Statistics
Article View: 211
PDF Download: 183


Journal Management System. Powered by ejournalplus.com