The Requirements of Chickens for Nutritional Compounds for Growth, An advanced Nutritional outlook

Ameen, Qana H.; Mohammed, Mohammed A.; Ameen, Samira H.; Alsaadi, Sarmad A.

doi:10.58928/ku23.14303

	The Requirements of Chickens for Nutritional Compounds for Growth, An advanced Nutritional outlook
Kirkuk University Journal For Agricultural Sciences
Volume 14, Issue 3, September 2023, Pages 17-33 PDF (856.92 K)
Document Type: Review Paper
DOI: 10.58928/ku23.14303
Authors
Qana H. Ameen; Mohammed A. Mohammed; Samira H. Ameen; Sarmad A. Alsaadi^*
Department of Animals Production, College of Agriculture, Kirkuk University, Kirkuk, Iraq.
Abstract
The science of nutrition includes the provision of balanced nutrients that meet the need of chickens (animal) to grow, maintain and continue production, and for economic reasons, these foodstuffs should be at the lowest prices, so we should provide these materials only with what the nutritional requirements need without a significant increase. However, we must provide some nutrients at higher levels in practical situations, in order to try to meet the shortage of some food components The costs of feeding chickens represent 60-70% of the total expenses in poultry projects, so the nutritionist's goal is to obtain the highest production at the lowest possible costs while making use of feed materials whenever possible. And the nutritionist must form a relationship in which all the nutrients that the bird needs are available, whether for the production of meat, table eggs or hatching eggs. In this review, we will review the basics of feeding poultry birds, the most commonly used feed materials, the nutritional needs of each bird according to its type, age, production status, how to form leeches and models of leeches that can be used, as well as diseases caused by a lack of various nutrients.
Keywords
needs; birds; nutrition; growth; review

References
[1] Marangoni F, Corsello G, Cricelli C, et al. Role of poultry meat in a balanced diet aimed at maintaining health and wellbeing: an Italian consensus document. Food Nutr Res. 2015; 59:27606. Published 2015 Jun 9. doi:10.3402/fnr. v59.27606. [2] Korver DR. Review: Current challenges in poultry nutrition, health, and welfare [published online ahead of print, 2023 Mar 7]. Animal. 2023;100755. doi: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100755. [3] Cartoni Mancinelli A, Mattioli S, Twining C, et al. Poultry Meat and Eggs as an Alternative Source of n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for Human Nutrition. Nutrients. 2022;14(9):1969. Published 2022 May 8. doi:10.3390/nu14091969. [4] Babatunde OO, Park CS, Adeola O. Nutritional Potentials of Atypical Feed Ingredients for Broiler Chickens and Pigs. Animals (Basel). 2021;11(5):1196. Published 2021 Apr 21. doi:10.3390/ani11051196. [5] Fouad AM, El-Senousey HK. Nutritional factors affecting abdominal fat deposition in poultry: a review. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2014;27(7):1057-1068. doi:10.5713/ajas.2013.13702. [6] Surai PF. Antioxidants in Poultry Nutrition and Reproduction: An Update. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020;9(2):105. Published 2020 Jan 25. doi:10.3390/antiox9020105. [7] Amin,Q.H. and I.S. Kloor. Effect of adding the microbial phytase to diets contained low available phosphorus or calcium and the both upon the broiler breeder chickens performance. Journal of Kirkuk University for Agricultural Sciences. 2018; 9(4):24-35. [8] Amin,Q.H. and I.S. Kloor. Effect of dietary microbial phytase supplementation in the low phosphorus or calcium contain diets and their combinations on reproductive efficiency and egg quality for broiler breeder. Journal of Kirkuk University for Agricultural Sciences. 2018;9(1):32-40. [9] Al-Dalawi, R.H., ameen, Q.H., and Jasim, M.S. Effect of Adding Probiotic with Different Levels of Citric Acid in Feed Supplementation to Laying Hens on Bacteria Content of Feed, Litter and Egg Shell. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development. 2019;10(7):645-649. [10] Jha R, Mishra P. Dietary fiber in poultry nutrition and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, gut health, and on the environment: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2021;12(1):51. Published 2021 Apr 19. doi:10.1186/s40104-021-00576-0. [11] Orosz SE. Clinical avian nutrition. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2014;17(3):397-413. doi: 10.1016/j.cvex.2014.05.003. [12] Hurlbert AH, Olsen AM, Sawyer MM, Winner PM. The Avian Diet Database as a source of quantitative information on bird diets. Sci Data. 2021;8(1):260. Published 2021 Oct 4. doi:10.1038/s41597-021-01049-9. [13] Martínez-Beamonte R, Sánchez-Marco J, Lázaro G, et al. Dietary Avian Proteins Are Comparable to Soybean Proteins on the Atherosclerosis Development and Fatty Liver Disease in Apoe-Deficient Mice. Nutrients. 2021;13(6):1838. Published 2021 May 27. doi:10.3390/nu13061838. [14] Beski SSM, Swick RA, Iji PA. Specialized protein products in broiler chicken nutrition: A review. Anim Nutr. 2015;1(2):47-53. doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2015.05.005. [15] Akande K., Doma U., Agu H., Adamu H. Major antinutrients found in plant protein sources: their effect on nutrition. Pak J Nutr. 2010; 9:827–832. [16] Lei B, Cui J, Newman C, et al. Seed dispersers shape the pulp nutrients of fleshy-fruited plants. Proc Biol Sci. 2021;288(1953):20210817. doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.0817. [17] Hofmann P, Siegert W, Naranjo VD, Rodehutscord M. Effects of supplemented nonessential amino acids and nonprotein nitrogen on growth and nitrogen excretion characteristics of broiler chickens fed diets with very low crude protein concentrations. Poult Sci. 2020;99(12):6848-6858. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.003. [18] Alagawany M, Elnesr SS, Farag MR, et al. Nutritional significance of amino acids, vitamins and minerals as nutraceuticals in poultry production and health - a comprehensive review. Vet Q. 2020;41(1):1-29. doi:10.1080/01652176.2020.1857887. [19] Hertzler SR, Lieblein-Boff JC, Weiler M, Allgeier C. Plant Proteins: Assessing Their Nutritional Quality and Effects on Health and Physical Function. Nutrients. 2020;12(12):3704. Published 2020 Nov 30. doi:10.3390/nu12123704. [20] Nurzijah I, Elbohy OA, Kanyuka K, Daly JM, Dunham S. Development of Plant-Based Vaccines for Prevention of Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease in Poultry. Vaccines (Basel). 2022;10(3):478. Published 2022 Mar 19. doi:10.3390/vaccines10030478 [21] Beski SSM, Swick RA, Iji PA. Specialized protein products in broiler chicken nutrition: A review. Anim Nutr. 2015;1(2):47-53. doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2015.05.005. [22] Martínez-Beamonte R, Sánchez-Marco J, Lázaro G, et al. Dietary Avian Proteins Are Comparable to Soybean Proteins on the Atherosclerosis Development and Fatty Liver Disease in Apoe-Deficient Mice. Nutrients. 2021;13(6):1838. Published 2021 May 27. doi:10.3390/nu13061838. [23] Zar Pasha A, Anwer Bukhari S, Ali El Enshasy H, El Adawi H, Al Obaid S. Compositional analysis and physicochemical evaluation of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) mucilage for medicinal purposes. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022;29(2):774-780. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.10.048. [24] J Tejeda O, K Kim W. Role of Dietary Fiber in Poultry Nutrition. Animals (Basel). 2021;11(2):461. Published 2021 Feb 9. doi:10.3390/ani11020461. [25] Peña-Saldarriaga LM, Fernández-López J, Pérez-Alvarez JA. Quality of Chicken Fat By-Products: Lipid Profile and Colour Properties. Foods. 2020;9(8):1046. Published 2020 Aug 3. doi:10.3390/foods9081046. [26] Cherian G. Nutrition and metabolism in poultry: role of lipids in early diet. J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2015;6(1):28. Published 2015 Jun 24. doi:10.1186/s40104-015-0029-9. [27] Güz BC, de Jong IC, Bol UE, et al. Effects of organic macro and trace minerals in fast and slower growing broiler breeders' diet on offspring growth performance and tibia characteristics. Poult Sci. 2022;101(3):101647. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101647. [28] Bhagwat VG, Balamurugan E, Rangesh P. Cocktail of chelated minerals and phytogenic feed additives in the poultry industry: A review. Vet World. 2021;14(2):364-371. doi:10.14202/vetworld.2021.364-371. [29] Liu G, Li S, Su X, et al. Estimation of standardized mineral availabilities in feedstuffs for broilers. J Anim Sci. 2019;97(2):794-802. doi:10.1093/jas/sky434. [30] Dias RS, López S, Borgatti LMO, Kebreab E, Vitti DMSS, Abdalla AL, et al. Phosphorus utilization in broilers fed with diets supplemented with different feed ingredients. Sci Agric (Piracicaba, Braz) [Internet]. 2019Jan;76(1):18–23. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-992X-2017-0228 [31] Connolly G, Clark CM, Campbell RE, Byers AW, Reed JB, Campbell WW. Poultry Consumption and Human Health: How Much Is Really Known? A Systematically Searched Scoping Review and Research Perspective. Adv Nutr. 2022;13(6):2115-2124. doi:10.1093/advances/nmac074. [32] Olukosi OA, van Kuijk SJA, Han Y. Sulfate and hydroxy chloride trace minerals in poultry diets - comparative effects on egg production and quality in laying hens, and growth performance and oxidative stress response in broilers. Poult Sci. 2019;98(10):4961-4971. doi:10.3382/ps/pez261. [33] Hieu TV, Guntoro B, Qui NH, Quyen NTK, Hafiz FAA. The application of ascorbic acid as a therapeutic feed additive to boost immunity and antioxidant activity of poultry in heat stress environment. Vet World. 2022;15(3):685-693. doi:10.14202/vetworld.2022.685-693. [34] Abdelli N, Solà-Oriol D, Pérez JF. Phytogenic Feed Additives in Poultry: Achievements, Prospective and Challenges. Animals (Basel). 2021;11(12):3471. Published 2021 Dec 6. doi:10.3390/ani11123471. [35] Selim S, Abdel-Megeid NS, Khalifa HK, Fakiha KG, Majrashi KA, Hussein E. Efficacy of Various Feed Additives on Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Bone Quality, Blood Constituents, and Phosphorus Absorption and Utilization of Broiler Chickens Fed Low Phosphorus Diet. Animals (Basel). 2022;12(14):1742. Published 2022 Jul 7. doi:10.3390/ani12141742. [36] Jachimowicz K, Winiarska-Mieczan A, Tomaszewska E. The Impact of Herbal Additives for Poultry Feed on the Fatty Acid Profile of Meat. Animals (Basel). 2022;12(9):1054. Published 2022 Apr 19. doi:10.3390/ani12091054. [37] Ayalew H, Zhang H, Wang J, et al. Potential Feed Additives as Antibiotic Alternatives in Broiler Production. Front Vet Sci. 2022; 9:916473. Published 2022 Jun 17. doi:10.3389/fvets.2022.916473. [38] Derakhshan M, Ghasemian SO, Gholami-Ahangaran M. The effects of probiotic and phytase on growth performance, biochemical parameters and antioxidant capacity in broiler chickens. Vet Med Sci. 2023;9(2):860-866. doi:10.1002/vms3.1075. [39] Nabi F, Arain MA, Rajput N, et al. Health benefits of carotenoids and potential application in poultry industry: A review. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2020;104(6):1809-1818. doi:10.1111/jpn.13375. [40] Beski SSM, Swick RA, Iji PA. Specialized protein products in broiler chicken nutrition: A review. Anim Nutr. 2015;1(2):47-53. doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2015.05.005. [41] Adekoya A, Park CS, Adeola O. Energy and phosphorus evaluation of poultry meal fed to broiler chickens using a regression method. Poult Sci. 2021;100(7):101195. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101195. [42] Babatunde OO, Park CS, Adeola O. Nutritional Potentials of Atypical Feed Ingredients for Broiler Chickens and Pigs. Animals (Basel). 2021;11(5):1196. Published 2021 Apr 21. doi:10.3390/ani11051196. [43] Vargas JI, Gulizia JP, Bonilla SM, Sasia S, Pacheco WJ. Effect of Corn Origin on Broiler Performance, Processing Yield, and Nutrient Digestibility from 1 to 35 Days of Age. Animals (Basel). 2023;13(7):1248. Published 2023 Apr 4. doi:10.3390/ani13071248. [44] Perera WNU, Abdollahi MR, Zaefarian F, Wester TJ, Ravindran V. Barley, an Undervalued Cereal for Poultry Diets: Limitations and Opportunities. Animals (Basel). 2022;12(19):2525. Published 2022 Sep 21. doi:10.3390/ani12192525. [45] Jacob JP, Pescatore AJ. Barley β-glucan in poultry diets. Ann Transl Med. 2014;2(2):20. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.01.02. [46] Ball ME, Owens B, McCracken KJ. Chemical and physical predictors of the nutritive value of wheat in broiler diets. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2013;26(1):97-107. doi:10.5713/ajas.2012.12178. [47] Shang Q, Wu D, Liu H, Mahfuz S, Piao X. The Impact of Wheat Bran on the Morphology and Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel). 2020;10(10):1831. Published 2020 Oct 8. doi:10.3390/ani10101831. [48] Moritz AH, Lumpkins B, Mathis GF, et al. Comparative efficacy of tannin-free grain sorghum varieties for the control of necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens. Poult Sci. 2023;102(2):102300. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102300. [49] Nanto F, Ito C, Kikusato M, Toyomizu M. Effect of Feeding Diets Combining Whole-Grain Paddy Rice and High Levels of Fat on Broiler Chicken Growth. J Poult Sci. 2016;53(1):34-39. doi:10.2141/jpsa.0150070. [50] Attia YA, Ashour EA, Nagadi SA, Farag MR, Bovera F, Alagawany M. Rice Bran as an Alternative Feedstuff in Broiler Nutrition and Impact of Liposorb^® and Vitamin E-Se on Sustainability of Performance, Carcass Traits, Blood Biochemistry, and Antioxidant Indices. Vet Sci. 2023;10(4):299. Published 2023 Apr 17. doi:10.3390/vetsci10040299. [51] Beski SSM, Swick RA, Iji PA. Specialized protein products in broiler chicken nutrition: A review. Anim Nutr. 2015;1(2):47-53. doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2015.05.005. [52] Janocha A, Milczarek A, Pietrusiak D, Łaski K, Saleh M. Efficiency of Soybean Products in Broiler Chicken Nutrition. Animals (Basel). 2022;12(3):294. Published 2022 Jan 25. doi:10.3390/ani12030294. [53] Zaworska-Zakrzewska A, Kasprowicz-Potocka M, Twarużek M, et al. A Comparison of the Composition and Contamination of Soybean Cultivated in Europe and Limitation of Raw Soy Seed Content in Weaned Pigs' Diets. Animals (Basel). 2020;10(11):1972. Published 2020 Oct 27. doi:10.3390/ani10111972. [54] Mukherjee R, Chakraborty R, Dutta A. Role of Fermentation in Improving Nutritional Quality of Soybean Meal - A Review. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2016;29(11):1523-1529. doi:10.5713/ajas.15.0627. [55] Lima VB, Dourado LR, Machado LP, et al. Cottonseed Oil in Diets for Broilers in the Pre-Starter and Starter Phases. PLoS One. 2016;11(1): e0147695. Published 2016 Jan 25. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147695. [56] Petraru A, Ursachi F, Amariei S. Nutritional Characteristics Assessment of Sunflower Seeds, Oil and Cake. Perspective of Using Sunflower Oilcakes as a Functional Ingredient. Plants (Basel). 2021;10(11):2487. Published 2021 Nov 17. doi:10.3390/plants10112487. [57] Toomer OT, Livingston M, Wall B, et al. Feeding high-oleic peanuts to meat-type broiler chickens enhances the fatty acid profile of the meat produced. Poult Sci. 2020;99(4):2236-2245. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.015. [58] Wei P, Zhao F, Wang Z, et al. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.): A Comprehensive Review of Nutritional Value, Phytochemical Composition, Health Benefits, Development of Food, and Industrial Applications. Nutrients. 2022;14(19):4079. Published 2022 Sep 30. doi:10.3390/nu14194079. [59] Kajla P, Sharma A, Sood DR. Flaxseed-a potential functional food source. J Food Sci Technol. 2015;52(4):1857-1871. doi:10.1007/s13197-014-1293-y. [60] Fu Z, Su G, Yang H, Sun Q, Zhong T, Wang Z. Effects of Dietary Rapeseed Meal on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, Serum Parameters, and Intestinal Development of Geese. Animals (Basel). 2021;11(6):1488. Published 2021 May 21. doi:10.3390/ani11061488. [61] Delshad E, Yousefi M, Sasannezhad P, Rakhshandeh H, Ayati Z. Medical uses of Carthamus tinctorius L. (Safflower): a comprehensive review from Traditional Medicine to Modern Medicine. Electron Physician. 2018;10(4):6672-6681. Published 2018 Apr 25. doi:10.19082/6672. [62] Sarsour AH, Lee JT, Haydon K, Persia ME. Tryptophan requirement of first-cycle commercial laying hens in peak egg production. Poult Sci. 2021;100(3):100896. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.065. [63] Tareen MH, Wagan R, Siyal FA, et al. Effect of various levels of date palm kernel on growth performance of broilers. Vet World. 2017;10(2):227-232. doi:10.14202/vetworld.2017.227-232. [64] Babatunde OO, Park CS, Adeola O. Nutritional Potentials of Atypical Feed Ingredients for Broiler Chickens and Pigs. Animals (Basel). 2021;11(5):1196. Published 2021 Apr 21. doi:10.3390/ani11051196. [65] Beckford RC, Bartlett JR. Inclusion levels of sweet potato root meal in the diet of broilers I. Effect on performance, organ weights, and carcass quality. Poult Sci. 2015;94(6):1316-1322. doi:10.3382/ps/pev090. [66] Bakare AG, Zindove TJ, Iji PA, Stamatopoulos K, Cowieson AJ. A review of limitations to using cassava meal in poultry diets and the potential role of exogenous microbial enzymes. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2021;53(4):426. Published 2021 Aug 2. doi:10.1007/s11250-021-02853-6. [67] Shafeeva E, Komissarov A, Ishbulatov M, Mindibayev R, Lykasov O. Utilization of poultry manure when cultivating potatoes in the southern steppe of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022;29(3):1501-1509. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.11.022. [68] He W, Li P, Wu G. Amino Acid Nutrition and Metabolism in Chickens. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021; 1285:109-131. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_7. [69] Chaklader MR, Siddik MAB, Fotedar R. Total replacement of fishmeal with poultry by-product meal affected the growth, muscle quality, histological structure, antioxidant capacity and immune response of juvenile barramundi, Lates calcarifer. PLoS One. 2020;15(11): e0242079. Published 2020 Nov 12. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242079. [70] Zinn KE, Hernot DC, Fastinger ND, et al. Fish protein substrates can substitute effectively for poultry by-product meal when incorporated in high-quality senior dog diets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2009;93(4):447-455. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00826. x. [71] Shaviklo AR. Development of fish protein powder as an ingredient for food applications: a review. J Food Sci Technol. 2015;52(2):648-661. doi:10.1007/s13197-013-1042-7. [72] Altmann BA, Rosenau S. Spirulina as Animal Feed: Opportunities and Challenges. Foods. 2022;11(7):965. Published 2022 Mar 26. doi:10.3390/foods11070965. [73] Jayasena DD, Ahn DU, Nam KC, Jo C. Flavour chemistry of chicken meat: a review. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2013;26(5):732-742. doi:10.5713/ajas.2012.12619. [74] Wongngam W, Mitani T, Katayama S, Nakamura S, Yongsawatdigul J. Production and characterization of chicken blood hydrolysate with antihypertensive properties. Poult Sci. 2020;99(10):5163-5174. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.006. [75] Vanelli K, de Oliveira ACF, Sotomaior CS, Weber SH, Costa LB. Soybean meal and poultry offal meal effects on digestibility of adult dog’s diets: Systematic review. PLoS One. 2021;16(5):e0249321. Published 2021 May 27. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249321. [76] Osunbami OT, Adeola O. Energy value of hydrolyzed feather meal and flash-dried poultry protein for broiler chickens and pigs. J Anim Sci. 2022;100(3): skac073. doi:10.1093/jas/skac073. [77] Cornejo J, Pokrant E, Figueroa F, et al. Assessing Antibiotic Residues in Poultry Eggs from Backyard Production Systems in Chile, First Approach to a Non-Addressed Issue in Farm Animals. Animals (Basel). 2020;10(6):1056. Published 2020 Jun 19. doi:10.3390/ani10061056. [78] Pan D, Yu Z. Intestinal microbiome of poultry and its interaction with host and diet. Gut Microbes. 2014;5(1):108-119. doi:10.4161/gmic.26945. [79] Katidi A, Xypolitaki K, Vlassopoulos A, Kapsokefalou M. Nutritional Quality of Plant-Based Meat and Dairy Imitation Products and Comparison with Animal-Based Counterparts. Nutrients. 2023;15(2):401. Published 2023 Jan 12. doi:10.3390/nu15020401. [80] Górska-Warsewicz H, Laskowski W, Kulykovets O, Kudlińska-Chylak A, Czeczotko M, Rejman K. Food Products as Sources of Protein and Amino Acids-The Case of Poland. Nutrients. 2018;10(12):1977. Published 2018 Dec 13. doi:10.3390/nu10121977. [81] Tsiouris V, Kontominas MG, Filioussis G, et al. The Effect of Whey on Performance, Gut Health and Bone Morphology Parameters in Broiler Chicks. Foods. 2020;9(5):588. Published 2020 May 5. doi:10.3390/foods9050588. [82] Beigh YA, Ganai AM, Ahmad HA. Prospects of complete feed system in ruminant feeding: A review. Vet World. 2017;10(4):424-437. doi:10.14202/vetworld.2017.424-437. [83] Basyony M, Morsy AS, Soltan YA. Extracts of Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) and Peach (Prunus pérsica) Kernels as Feed Additives: Nutrient Digestibility, Growth Performance, and Immunological Status of Growing Rabbits. Animals (Basel). 2023;13(5):868. Published 2023 Feb 27. doi:10.3390/ani13050868. [84] Shukla M, Bhattacharyya A, Shukla PK, Roy D, Yadav B, Sirohi R. Effect of Azolla feeding on the growth, feed conversion ratio, blood biochemical attributes and immune competence traits of growing turkeys. Vet World. 2018;11(4):459-463. doi:10.14202/vetworld.2018.459-463. [85] Georganas A, Giamouri E, Pappas AC, et al. Bioactive Compounds in Food Waste: A Review on the Transformation of Food Waste to Animal Feed. Foods. 2020;9(3):291. Published 2020 Mar 5. doi:10.3390/foods9030291. [86] Gerber PF, Gould N, McGahan E. Potential contaminants and hazards in alternative chicken bedding materials and proposed guidance levels: a review. Poult Sci. 2020;99(12):6664-6684. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.047. [87] Marangoni F, Corsello G, Cricelli C, et al. Role of poultry meat in a balanced diet aimed at maintaining health and wellbeing: an Italian consensus document. Food Nutr Res. 2015; 59:27606. Published 2015 Jun 9. doi:10.3402/fnr. v59.27606. [88] Rachwał K, Waśko A, Gustaw K, Polak-Berecka M. Utilization of brewery wastes in food industry. PeerJ. 2020;8: e9427. Published 2020 Jul 14. doi:10.7717/peerj.9427. [89] Song WJ, Song QL, Chen XL, et al. Effects of honeycomb extract on the growth performance, carcass traits, immunity, antioxidant function and intestinal microorganisms of yellow bantam broilers. Poult Sci. 2022;101(8):101811. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101811. [90] Jankowski J, Ognik K, Kozłowski K, Stępniowska A, Zduńczyk Z. Effect of Different Levels and Sources of Dietary Copper, Zinc and Manganese on the Performance and Immune and Redox Status of Turkeys. Animals (Basel). 2019;9(11):883. Published 2019 Oct 30. doi:10.3390/ani9110883. [91] Zhang W, Wu B, Wu W, et al. An optimal dietary sodium chloride supplemental level of broiler chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet from 1 to 21 days of age. Front Vet Sci. 2022; 9:1077750. Published 2022 Dec 6. doi:10.3389/fvets.2022.1077750.
Statistics Article View: 888 PDF Download: 340