Mechanical Characteristics and Self-Monitoring Technique of Smart Cementitious Mixtures with Carbon Fiber and Graphite Powder as Hybrid Functional Additives

Abdullah, Raid D.; Al-Dahawi, Ali; Zghair, Hussein H.

doi:10.30684/etj.2022.134097.1220

	Mechanical Characteristics and Self-Monitoring Technique of Smart Cementitious Mixtures with Carbon Fiber and Graphite Powder as Hybrid Functional Additives
Engineering and Technology Journal
Article 19, Volume 40, Issue 11, November 2022, Pages 1537-1547 PDF (1.29 M)
Document Type: Research Paper
DOI: 10.30684/etj.2022.134097.1220
Authors
Raid D. Abdullah^* ¹; Ali Al-Dahawi²; Hussein H. Zghair³
¹Civil Engineering Dept., University of Technology-Iraq, Alsina’a street, 10066 Baghdad, Iraq.
²Civil Eng. Dept., University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq , Tel Mohammed
³Civil Eng. Dept., University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
Abstract
In this paper, the self-sensing properties of cementitious composites under compressive loads were investigated by utilizing hybrid functional fillers, which are responsible for creating an electrical network that is used to build the self-sensing capability within the traditional cement-based mixtures. Most of the previous works depict the self-sensing capability with the aid of one type of functional fillers or fibers. The present paper attempts to utilize two types of functional fillers, representing a gap filling within the subject. Four hybrid proportions of Graphite (G) (wt.%) and carbon fibers (CF) (vol.%) were introduced. These are (0.5, 1.0), (1.0, 0.75), (1.5, 0.50) and (2.0, 0.25) respectively. In addition to carbon-based materials, polypropylene, polyolefin, and steel fibers are used as reinforcing fibers. One type of fiber was utilized in each manufactured mixture with a constant rate of 2% by volume of the mixture. A plain mixture without functional fillers has also been manufactured. The samples were non-destructively tested by an ultrasonic device before a uniaxial compression test was performed. To verify the self-sensing properties of the manufactured samples, the electrical resistance of the samples was recorded during load application each second. The self-sensing behavior was better for mixtures containing high dosages of graphite with respect to the fractional change in electrical resistivity (FCER). Steel and polyolefin fibers showed good results in terms of compressive strength behavior. However, polypropylene fibers showed the lowest compression strength among all types of reinforcing fibers used.
Highlights
Self-sensing and mechanical behavior of ECC with hybrid functional fillers were assessed. Carbon fibers and graphite powder were utilized to create the conductive network. Steel, polyolefin, and polypropylene fibers were used to enhance the mechanical properties of ECC. The mixtures with low dosages of graphite and high carbon fibers have more electrical conductivity with satisfactory compressive strength. The self-sensing behavior is better for mixtures containing a high dosage of graphite (wt.%, 2) with a low dosage of CF (vol.%, 0.25).
Keywords
FCER; Functional fillers; Graphite; Carbon Fiber; Resistivity, Self-sensing

References
[1] A. Al-Dahawi,O. Öztürk, F. Emami, G. Yıldırım, and M. Şahmaran, Effect of mixing methods on the electrical properties of cementitious composites incorporating different carbon-based materials, Construction and Building Materials, 104 (2016) 160-168. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.072. [2] A. Al-Dahawi, M.H. Sarwary, O. Öztürk, G. Yıldırım, A. Akın, M. Şahmaran, and M. Lachemi, Electrical percolation threshold of cementitious composites possessing self-sensing functionality incorporating different carbon-based materials, Smart Materials and Structures, 25 (2016) http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/25/10/105005. [3] S. Wen and D.D.L. Chung, Partial replacement of carbon fiber by carbon black in multifunctional cement–matrix composites, Carbon, 45 (2007) 505-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2006.10.024. [4] I. Papanikolaou, C. Litina, A. Zomorodian, and A. Al-Tabbaa, Effect of Natural Graphite Fineness on the Performance and Electrical Conductivity of Cement Paste Mixes for Self-Sensing Structures, Materials (Basel), 13 (2020) https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245833. [5] P. Rovnaník, I. Kusák, and P. Schmid, Self-sensing properties of fly ash geopolymer composite with graphite filler, in SPECIAL CONCRETE AND COMPOSITES 2020: 17th International Conference, AIP Conf. 2021. [6] A A. Al-Dahawi, G. Yıldırım, O. Öztürk, and M. Şahmaran, "Assessment of self-sensing capability of Engineered Cementitious Composites within the elastic and plastic ranges of cyclic flexural loading", Construction and Building Materials, 145 (2017) 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.236. [7] Z. T. Hou, M.Q. Sun, B. Li, and X.D. Zhang, A New Method to Prepare Carbon Fiber/Carbon Black Reinforced Concrete and its Properties, Advanced Materials Research, 168-170 (2010) 1077-1081.https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.168-170.1077. [8] T. Luo and Q. Wang, Effects of Graphite on Electrically Conductive Cementitious Composite Properties: A Review, Materials (Basel), 14 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14174798. [9] Iswandi, J. Sahari, and A.B. Sulong, Effects of Different Particles Sizes of Graphite on the Engineering Properties of Graphites/Polypropylene Composites on Injection Molding Aplication, Key Engineering Materials, 471 (2011) 109-114.10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.471-472.109. [10] A. Al-Dahawi, multifunctional cementitious composites for damageresistant highway structures, Ph.D., Civil Engineering, Univesity of Gaziantep,Gaziantep, Turkey, 456286., 2016. [11] K. Loamrat, M. Sappakittipakorn, P. Sukontasukkul, and N. Banthia, Effect of Carbon Fiber and Graphite Powder on Resistivity of Cement-based Sensor under Compression, KMUTNB International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 7 (2014) 29-35.10.14416/j.ijast.2014.01.005. [12] B. M. Tyson, R.K. Abu Al-Rub, A. Yazdanbakhsh, and Z. Grasley, A quantitative method for analyzing the dispersion and agglomeration of nano-particles in composite materials, Composites Part B: Engineering, 42 (2011) 1395-1403.10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.05.020. [13] A. Yazdanbakhsh, Z. Grasley, B. Tyson, and R.K. Abu Al-Rub, Dispersion quantification of inclusions in composites, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 42 (2011) 75-83, 10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.10.005. [14] B. Chen, B. Li, Y. Gao, T.-C. Ling, Z. Lu, and Z. Li, Investigation on electrically conductive aggregates produced by incorporating carbon fiber and carbon black, Construction and Building Materials, 144 (2017) 106-114.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.168. [15] ASTM-C109/C109M, Standard test method for compressive strength of hydraulic cement mortars (using 2-in. or [50-mm] cube specimens). Annual Book of ASTM Standards: 9., (2005) [16] F. Azhari, Cement-based sensors for structural health monitoring, 34 (2009) 866-873.10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.04.007. [17] ASTM-C597, Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete, (2010) 10.1520/c0597-09. [18] S. Proceq,Concrete Inspection SolutionsThe broadest & smartest range in Non-Destructive Testing, (2017 ) [19] M. H. Mohana, Assessment of concrete compressive strength by ultrasonic pulse velocity test, IRAQI JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, (2020) 10.37650/ijce.2020.172874. [20] R. H. Elvery and L.A.M. lbrahim, Ultrasonic assessment at early ages of concrete strength, Magazine of Concrete Research, 28 (1979) 181-190. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.1976.28.97.181. [21] P. Rovnanik, I. Kusak, P. Bayer, P. Schmid, and L. Fiala, Electrical and Self-Sensing Properties of Alkali-Activated Slag Composite with Graphite Filler, Materials (Basel), 12 (2019).https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12101616. [22] D. D. L. Chung, Electrical Conduction Behavior of Cement-Matrix Composites, Materials Engineering and Performance, 11 (2002) 194-204, https://doi.org/10.1361/105994902770344268. [23] S. Wen and D.D.L. Chung, A comparative study of steel- and carbon-fiber cement, (2003) https://doi.org/10.1680/adcr.2003.15.3.119. [24] M. Chiarello and R. Zinno, Electrical conductivity of self-monitoring CFRC, Cement and Concrete Composites, 27 (2005) 463-469, 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.09.001. [25] Z. Hou, Z. Li, and J. Wang, Electrical conductivity of the carbon fiber conductive concrete, Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed., 22 (2007) 346-349, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-005-2346-x. [26] S. Ding, S. Dong, A. Ashour, and B. Han, Development of sensing concrete: Principles, properties and its applications, Journal of Applied Physics, 126 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5128242. [27] S. Cleven, M. Raupach, and T. Matschei, Electrical Resistivity of Steel Fibre-Reinforced Concrete-Influencing Parameters, Materials (Basel), 14 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14123408. [28] S. Wang, A. Singh, and Q. Liu, Experimental Study on the Piezoresistivity of Concrete Containing Steel Fibers, Carbon Black, and Graphene, Frontiers in Materials, 8 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2021.652614. [29] W. Zhang, C. Yin, F. Ma, and Z. Huang, Mechanical Properties and Carbonation Durability of Engineered Cementitious Composites Reinforced by Polypropylene and Hydrophilic Polyvinyl Alcohol Fibers, Materials (Basel) 11 (2018) https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11071147. [30] C. A. Espinoza., M. Rodriguez, M.J. Pellegrini, C.P. Barrios, R.E. Núñez, H.J. Peinado, M. Chinchillas, and G. Fajardo, Electrical percolation and fluidity of conductive recycled mortar cement: graphite powder: recycled sand with addition of industrial waste carbon fiber, Carbon Letters, 31 (2020) 707-720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-020-00188-0. [31] H. B. Birgin, A. D'Alessandro, S. Laflamme, and F. Ubertini, Hybrid Carbon Microfibers-Graphite Fillers for Piezoresistive Cementitious Composites, Sensors (Basel), 21 (2021) https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020518. [32] Y. T. Du, R.R. Zhao, and J.Q. Dong, Research on Conductive Property of Carbon Fiber/Carbon Black-Filled Cement-Based Composites, Applied Mechanics and Materials, 182-183 (2012) 144-147, 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.182-183.144. [33] F. Reza, G.B. Batson, J.A. Yamamuro, and J.S. and Lee, Resistance Changes during Compression of Carbon Fiber Cement Composites, Materials in Civil Engineering, 15 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2003)15:5(476). [34] K. Tharmaratnam and B.S. Tan, ATTENUATION OF ULTRASONIC PULSE IN CEMENT MORTAR, cement and concrete research, 20 (1990) 335-345.https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(90)90022-P. [35] D. M. Zárate, F. Cárdenas, E.F. Forero, and F.O. Peña, Strength of Concrete through Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and Uniaxial Compressive Strength, International Journal of Technology, 13 (2022) https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v13i1.4819.
Statistics Article View: 289 PDF Download: 144