Mental Toughness and its Relationship to ‎Psychological Entitlement among‏ ‏ Faculty Members at the University

Al-thiabi, Zainab K. Hussein; Al Kubaisه, Abdul Karim Obaid Juma

doi:10.37653/juah.2023.141968.1236

	Mental Toughness and its Relationship to ‎Psychological Entitlement among‏ ‏ Faculty Members at the University
Journal of University of Anbar for Humanities
Article 17, Volume 2024, Issue 1, March 2024, Pages 450-479 PDF (1.13 M)
Document Type: Research Paper
DOI: 10.37653/juah.2023.141968.1236
Authors
Zainab K. Hussein Al-thiabi^* ¹; Abdul Karim Obaid Juma Al Kubaisه²
¹College of Education for Humanities, University Of Anbar, Department of Educational and Psychological Sciences, Iraq
²College of Education for Humanities, University Of Anbar, Department of Educational and Psychological Sciences, Iraq.
Abstract
The current research aims to identify the mental toughness and psychological entitlement levels, identify the correlation between these two variables, and to identify the differences in mental toughness and psychological entitlement according to gender (Male-Female) and according to specialization (Scientific-Humanitarian). To achieve the objectives of the study, a sample of (250) male and female teachers was selected from the University of Anbar, distributed among (4) colleges, with (202) male and (48) female teachers. The researchers adopted the mental toughness scale, including (39) items, and prepared the psychological entitlement scale, consisting of (26) items. Using the statistical means of analysis (SPSS), the study revealed that the level of mental toughness of the study sample is statistically high at the level (0.05). Besides, there are statistically significant differences in mental toughness according to the gender variable (Male, Female) and in favour of males, while the results indicated that there are no statistically significant differences according to the specialization variable (Scientific, Humanitarian). In addition, the level of psychological entitlement is statistically high at the level of (0.05). Moreover, there are no statistically significant differences in psychological entitlement according to the gender variable (Males-Females), while the results indicated that there is a statistically significant difference between the scientific and human specializations and in favour of the human specialization. Finally, there is a positive correlation between mental toughness and psychological entitlement among the study sample and there is a possibility of predicting psychological entitlement through mental toughness. In the light of these results, the researchers presented some recommendations and suggestions
Keywords
Mental toughness; Psychological Entitlement; Faculty members at ‎the university.‎

References
Abdul Rahman, Saad. (1998). *Psychometrics (Theory and Practice). Amman: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi. Al-Issawy, Abd Al-Rahman Muhammad (1985). Measurement and Experimentation in Psychology and Education. Dar Al-Ma'arifa Aljamieya, Alexandria, Egypt. Al-Jubouri, Jalal Abd Zaid, (2021). Psychological entitlement and its relationship to the personal struggle of educational counsellors.* Journal of Arts, Issue No.: 138, 143-178. Al-Laithi, Ahmed Hassan Mohamed, (2020). Mental toughness and its relationship to academic motivation and methods of coping with stress for a sample of students in Helwan Anastasi, A . (1976): *Psychological Testing*. New York the Macmillan, Company . ASCD, Alexandria, VA. Bell, J., Hardy, L., & Beattie, S. (2013): *Enhancing mental toughness and performance under pressure in elite young cricketers: A 2-year longitudinal intervention Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 2, 281-297. Bishop, J., & Lane, R. C. (2002): The dynamics and dangers of entitlement*. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 19(4), 739. Campbell, W. K, & Buffardi, L. E. (2007): PSYCHOLOGICAL In R. F. Baumeister & D. Vohs (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Social Psychology (Vol. 1). (pp. 716-717), USA: SAGE ______, W. K., Bonacci, A. M., Shelton, J., Exline, J. J., & Bushman, B. J. (2004): Psychological entitlement: Interpersonal consequences and validation of a self-report measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 83(1), 29-45. Clough, P., & Strycharczyk, D. (2012): *Developing mental toughness*: Improving performance, wellbeing and positive behavior in others. London: Kogan Page _____ , P., Earle, K., & Sewell, D. (2002): Mental toughness: The concept and itsmeasurement. In I. M. Cockerill (Ed.), Solutions in sport psychology (pp. 32-43). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. Diener, E., Sapyta, J. J., & Suh, E. M . (1998): Subjective well-being is essential to well-being. *Journal Psychological*, (3). Ferguson, George, A. (1991). Statistical analysis in education and psychology. Translated by: Hana Al-Aqili, Al-Mustansiriya University, Dar Al-Hikma for printing and publishing. Gerber, M., Brand, S., Feldmeth, A. K., Lang, C., Elliot, C., Holsboer-Trachsler, ,(2013):*Adolescents with high mental toughness adapt better to perceived stress: a longitudinal study with Swiss vocational students. Personality and Individual Differences. 54, 808–814. Gould, D., Dieffenbach, K., & Moffett, A. (2002): Psychological characteristics and their development in Olympic champions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, PP172-204.* Harvey, P., & Harris, K. J. (2010): *Frustration-based outcomes of entitlement and the influence of supervisor communication. Human Relations, 63(11), 1639-1660. doi:10.1177/0018726710362923 Hopkins, K. D. (1998). Educational and psychological measurement and evaluation. Allyn & Bacon, A Viacom Company, 160 Gould Street, Needham Heights, MA 02194; Internet: http://www. abacon. com.‏* Jones, G., & Moorhouse, A. (2007): *Developing mental toughness*: Gold medal strategies for transforming your business performance.Begbroke, Oxford, UK: Spring Hill Klimchak, M., Carsten, M., Morrell, D., & MacKenzie Jr, W. I. (2016): Employee entitlement and proactive work behaviors: The moderating effects of narcissism and organizational identification. *Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 1-10. DOI: Lee, M., Pitesa, M., Pillutla, M. M., & Thau, S. (2018): Perceived entitlement causes discrimination against attractive job candidates in the domain of relatively less desirable jobs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(3), 422. Loehr, J. E. (1986):Mental toughness training for sports: Achieving athletic Lexington,* MA: Stephen Greene Press. – Naumann, S. E., Minsky, B. D., & Sturman, M. C. (2002): *The use of the concept “entitlement” in management literature: A historical review, synthesis, and discussion of compensation policy Human Resource Management Review, 12(1), 145- 166 Odeh, Ahmed Salman and Al-Khalili, Khalil Youssef. (1998). Statistics for the Researcher in Education and Human Sciences. Amman: Al-Fikr Library. _____, Ahmed Suleiman. (2002). Measurement and Evaluation in the Teaching Process. Fifth Edition, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Yarmouk University, Dar Al-Amal. Reynolds, Geisel, and Livingston, Ronald. (2013). Mastering modern psychometrics - theories and methods.* Translated by: Salah El-Din Mahmoud Allam, Dar Al-Fikr, Amman, Jordan. Stamp, E., Crust, L., Swann, C., Perry, J., Clough, P., & Marchant, D. (2015): Relationships between mental toughness and psychological wellbeing in undergraduate, *Personality and Individual Differences, 75, 170- 174 Thelwell, R, Weston, N, & Greenlees, I, (2005): Defining and Understanding Mental Toughness within Soccer, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17: 326–332, Thomason, S., Etling, C., Brownlee, A., & Charles, T. (2015): Psychological entitlement and conscientiousness as predictors of socially responsible workplace decisions. Small Business Institute Journal, 11(2), 1-15. Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2009): The narcissism Epidemic: Living in The age of Entitlement. New York: Simon & Schuster, Inc. Weinberg, Robert , (2013): mental toughness*: WHAT IS IT AND HOW TO BUILD IT, ORIGINAL ARTICLES, Rev. Educ. Fis/UEM, v. 24, n. 1, p. 1-10.
Statistics Article View: 34 PDF Download: 47