Assessment of Heavy Metals in Some Local and Imported Vegetables in Erbil Market. | ||
Kirkuk Journal of Science | ||
Article 5, Volume 18, Issue 4, December 2023, Pages 54-64 PDF (242.98 K) | ||
Document Type: Research Paper | ||
DOI: 10.32894/kujss.2023.142386.1112 | ||
Authors | ||
Abdulqader Musheer Younis* 1; Dalshad Aziz Darwesh2 | ||
1Health and Environmental Science Department College of Science. University of Salaheddin | ||
2Environmenal science and Health, College of science, Sallahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq | ||
Abstract | ||
In this study, Four types of vegetables were collected from Erbil city of Iraq, some grown locally and some imported. The vegetables they studied were Pepper (Capsicum annuum), Eggplant (Solanum melongena), Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), and Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo), which are commonly found both locally and imported. Additionally, they looked at 3 local vegetables: Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum), Cress (Lepidium sativum), and Parsley (Petroselinum crispum). They collected 12 samples of each vegetable from the Erbil market The heavy metals found in vegetables, such as silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and arsenic (As), were examined using inductively coupled plasma (ICP). To identify health problems, the following metrics were calculated: carcinogenic risks (CR), daily intake (DI), and target hazard quotient (THQ). The majority of veggies generally had metal levels that were under daily dietary guidelines. The amounts of cadmium and silver in imported pepper, local and imported eggplant, imported zucchini, imported tomatoes, radish, cress, and parsley were greater than those deemed safe for daily use. There may be health dangers associated with this. These veggies were determined to be unhealthy when we examined several health hazard indices. | ||
Keywords | ||
Health risk assessment; Heavy metals; Hazard Quotient (HQ); Cancer Risk (CR); Vegetables | ||
References | ||
[1] PK. Rai, SS. Lee, M. Zhang, YF.Tsang, and K-H. Kim. Heavy metals in food crops: Health risks, fate, mechanisms, and management. Environment International, 125:365–85, 2019, doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.067.
[2] A. Gholizadeh, M. Ardalan, M. Tehrani, H. Hosseini, and N. Karimian. Solubility test in some phosphate rocks and their potential for direct application in soil. World Applied Sciences Journal, 6(2): 182–190, 2009.
[3] A. El-Abbassi, N. Saadaoui, H. Kiai, J. Raiti, and A. Hafidi. Potential applications of olive mill wastewater as biopesticide for crops protection. Science of the Total Environment, 576: 614–626, 2017, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.032.
[4] M. Muchuweti, J. Birkett, E. Chinyanga, R. Zvauya, MD. Scrimshaw, and J. Lester. Heavy metal content of vegetables irrigated with mixtures of wastewater and sewage sludge in zimbabwe: implications for human health. Agriculture, Ecosystems Environment, 112(1): 41–80, 2006, doi:10.1016/j.agee.2005.04.028.
[5] BK. Saleh, A. Omer, and B. Teweldemedhin. Medicinal uses and health benefits of chili pepper (capsicum spp.): A review. MOJ Food Process Technol, 6(4): 325–328, 2018, doi:10.15406/mojfpt.2018.06.00183.
[6] MY. Naeem and S. Ugur. Nutritional content and health benefits of eggplant. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 7: 31–36, 2021, doi:10.24925/turjaf.v7isp3.31-36.3146.
[7] KS. Kumar, Paswan, and S. Srivastava. Tomato-a natural medicine and its health benefits. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 1(1): 33–43, 2012.
[8] L. Tejada, L. Buend´ıa-Moreno, A. Villegas, JM. Cayuela, E. Bueno-Gavila, P. G ´ omez, and et. al. Nutritional and sensorial characteristics of zucchini (cucurbita pepo l.) as affected by freezing and the culinary treatment. International Journal of Food Properties, 23(1): 1825–1833, 2020, doi:10.1080/10942912.2020.1826512.
[9] P. Kalia. Root vegetable crops. Journal of New Seeds, 6(2-3): 247–275, 202204, doi:10.1300/J153v06n0213.
[10] JP. Schuchardt, A. Hahn, T. Greupner, P. Wasserfurth, M. Rosales-Lopez, J. Hornbacher, and et. al. Water- cress–cultivation methods and health effects. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality, 92: 232–9, 2019, doi:10.5073/JABFQ.2019.092.032.
[11] Pothukuchi K. Hortaliza. Hortaliza: A youth “nutrition garden” in southwest detroit. Children Youth and Environments, 14(2): 124–55, 2004, doi:10.1071/HE12905.
[12] D. Aune, E. Giovannucci, P. Boffetta, LT. Fadnes, N. Keum, T. Norat, and et. al. Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality—a systematic review and doseresponse meta-analysis of prospective studies. International Journal of Epidemiology, 46(3): 1029–1056, 2017, doi:10.1093/ije/dyw319.
[13] M. Aysha, H. Zakir, R. Haque, Q. Quadir, T. Choudhury, S. Quraishi, and et. al. Health risk assessment for population via consumption of vegetables grown in soils artificially contaminated with arsenic. Archives of Current Research International, 10(3): 1–12, 2017, doi:10.9734/ACRI/2017/37612.
[14] X. Li, Z. Li, C-J. Lin, X. Bi, J. Liu, X. Feng, and et. al. Health risks of heavy metal exposure through vegetable consumption near a large-scale Pb/Zn smelter in central China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 161: 99–110, 2018, doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.080.
[15] S. Akter, Goto A., and T. Mizoue. Smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes in Japan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Epidemiology, 27(12): 553– 561, 2017, doi:10.1016/j.je.2016.12.017.
[16] A. Mahmood, AH. Mahmoud, AIZ. El-Abedein, A. Ashraf, and BM. Almunqedhi. A comparative study of metals concentration in agricultural soil and vegetables irrigated by wastewater and tube well water. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 32(3): 1861–1864, 2020, doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2020.01.031.
[17] F. Tariq, Samsuri A., D. Karam, A. Aris, and G. Jamilu. Bioavailability and mobility of arsenic, cadmium, and manganese in gold mine tailings amended with rice husk ash and fe-coated rice husk ash. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191: 1–12, 2019, doi:10.1007/s10661-019-7359-6.
[18] S. Sayo, JM. Kiratu, and GS. Nyamato. Heavy metal concentrations in soil and vegetables irrigated with sewage effluent: A case study of embu sewage treatment plant, Kenya. Scientific African, 8: e00337, 2020, doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00337.
[19] J. Solidum, E. Dykimching, C. Agaceta, and A. Cayco. Assessment and identification of heavy metals in different types of cooked rice available in the Philippine market. In 2nd international conference on environmental and agriculture engineering IPCBEE, 2012.
[20] RO. Hassan, HO. Othman, DS. Ali, FO. Abdullah, and DA. Darwesh. Assessment of the health risk posed by toxic metals in commonly consumed legume brands in Erbil, . Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 120: 105282, 2023, doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105282.
[21] M. Mahdavi, MM. Amin, AH. Mahvi, H. Pourzamani, and A. Ebrahimi. Metals, heavy metals and microorganism removal from spent filter backwash water by hybrid coagulation-UF processes. Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination, 8(2): 225–233, 2018, doi:10.2166/wrd.2017.148.
[22] KA. Hawrami, NM. Crout, G. Shaw, and EH. Bailey. Environmental geochemistry and health. Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination, 42: 1359–1385, 2020, doi:10.1007/s10653-019-00426-z.
[23] F. Tariq. Heavy metals concentration in vegetables irrigated with municipal wastewater and their human daily intake in Erbil city. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring Management, 16: 100475, 2021, doi:10.1016/j.enmm.2021.100475.
[24] M. Intawongse. Uptake of heavy metals by vegetable plants grown on contaminated soils, their bioavailability and speciation. PhD thesis, University of Northumbria at Newcastle (United Kingdom), 2007.
[25] Abdulqader M. Younis and Dlshad A. Darwesh. Erbil residents’ daily consumption of heavy metals via sewage and well water-irrigated veggies. Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 35(4):129–145, 2023, doi:10.21271/ZJPAS.35.4.13.
[26] MS. Islam, S. Han, MK. AHMED, and S. Masunaga. Assessment of trace metal contamination in water and sediment of some rivers in Bangladesh. Journal of Water and Environment Technology, 12(2): 109–121, 2014, doi:10.2965/jwet.2014.109.
[27] A. Singh, RK. Sharma, M. Agrawal, and FM. Marshall. Risk assessment of heavy metal toxicity through contaminated vegetables from waste water irrigated area of Varanasi, India. Tropical Ecology, 51(2): 375–387, 2010.
[28] X. Wen, J. Lu, J. Wu, Y. Lin, and Y. Luo. Influence of coastal groundwater salinization on the distribution and risks of heavy metals. Science of the Total Environment, 652: 267–277, 2019, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.250.
[29] (EPA) USEPA. R.E.D. FACTS. Prevention, pesticides and toxic substances (7508w), 1993.
[30] N. Tsepina, S. Kolesnikov, T. Minnikova, and A. Timoshenko. Soil contamination by silver and assessment of its ecotoxicity. Reviews in Agricultural Science, 10: 186–205, 2020, doi:10.7831/ras.10.0186.
[31] J. White, A. Powell, K. Brady, and R. Russell-Jones. Severe generalized argyria secondary to ingestion of colloidal silver protein. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 28(3): 254–256, 2003, doi:10.1046/j.1365- 2230.2003.01214.x.
[32] WHO. World health organization guidelines for drinkingwater quality, 2004.
[33] A. Rashid, BJ. Schutte, A. Ulery, MK. Deyholos, S. Sanogo, EA. Lehnhoff, and et. al. Severe generalized argyria secondary to ingestion of colloidal silver protein. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 28(3): 254–256, 2003, doi:10.1046/j.1365-2230.2003.01214.x.
[34] AA. Zunaidi, LH. Lim, and F. Metali. Comparative assessment of the heavy metal phytoextraction potential of vegetables from agricultural soils: A field experiment. Heliyon, 9(2): e13547, 2023, doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13547.
[35] AM. Younis and DA. Darwesh. An evaluation of waste and well water quality for agriculture production around erbil city, iraq. Baghdad Science Journal, 20(4): 1–16, 2023, doi:10.21123/bsj.2023.7576.
[36] A. Zwolak, M. Sarzynska, E. Szpyrka, and K. Stawar- czyk. Sources of soil pollution by heavy metals and their accumulation in vegetables: A review. Water, air, soil pollution, 230: 1–9, 2019, doi:10.1007/s11270-019-4221-y.
[37] N. Gupta, KK. Yadav, V. Kumar, S. Krishnan, S. Kumar, ZD. Nejad, and et. al. Evaluating heavy metals contamination in soil and vegetables in the region of north india: Levels, transfer and potential human health risk analysis. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 82:103563, 2021, doi:10.1016/j.etap.2020.103563.
[38] E. Salano. Assessment of heavy metal pollution in soils and water of samburu county, Kenya. Kenyatta University, 10-15: , 2013, doi:10.32474/AOICS.2020.04.000197.
[39] SSAA. Hasson, JKZ. Al-Busaidi, and TA. Sallam. The past, current and future trends in DNA vaccine immunisations. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5(5):344–353, 2013, doi:10.32474/AOICS.2020.04.000197.
[40] AH. Adedokun, KL. Njoku, MO. Akinola, AA. Adesuyi, and AO. Jolaoso. Potential human health risk assessment of heavy metals intake via consumption of some leafy vegetables obtained from four market in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 20(3): 530–539, 2016, doi:10.4314/jasem.v20i3.6.
[41] KA. Hawrami, NM. Crout, G. Shaw, and EH. Bailey. Assessment of potentially toxic elements in vegetables cultivated in urban and peri-urban sites in the kurdistan region of iraq and implications for human health. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 42(5): 1359–1385, 2020, doi:10.1007/s10653-019-00426-z.
[42] A. Latif, M. Bilal, W. Asghar, M. Azeem, MI. Ahmad, A. Abbas, and et. al. Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables and assessment of their potential health risk. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 5(234): 2380–2391, 2018, doi:10.4172/2380- 2391.1000234.
[43] S. Rezapour, B. Atashpaz, SS. Moghaddam, and CA. Damalas. Heavy metal bioavailability and accumulation in winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) irrigated with treated wastewater in calcareous soils. Science of the Total Environment, 656: 261–269, 2019, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.288.
[44] D. Loomis, N. Guha, AL. Hall, and K. Straif. Identifying occupational carcinogens: an update from the IARC Monograph. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 75(8): 593–603, 2018, doi:10.1136/oemed-2017-104944. | ||
Statistics Article View: 122 PDF Download: 86 |