Assessing Sirwan River Water Quality based on a single-factor assessment and comprehensive pollution index methods | ||
Kirkuk University Journal For Agricultural Sciences | ||
Volume 14, Issue 4, December 2023, Pages 153-164 PDF (1.01 M) | ||
Document Type: Research Paper | ||
DOI: 10.58928/ku23.14414 | ||
Author | ||
Ali B. Ahmed* | ||
Department of Food Technology, Agricultural Engineering Science Collage, University of Salahaddin, Erbil, IRAQ. | ||
Abstract | ||
In this paper, single-factor assessment methods and comprehensive pollution index were chosen to evaluate the Sirwan River water quality situation. The mean physicochemical values of dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, turbidity, color, major cations, and anions ranged from 7.77 ± 0.55 to 7.80 ± 0.18 mg L-1; 472.83 ± 23.97 to 478.83 ± 24.23 mg L-1; 8.13 ± 8.28 to 14.61 ± 15.76 NTU; 14.15 ± 5.76 to 25.07 ± 17.19 Hazen; Calcium from 62.19 ± 2.05 to 64.06 ± 1.72 mg L-1; Magnesium 21.20 ± 2.01 to 21.74 ± 1.47 mg L-1; Sodium 17.68 ± 2.79 to 22.44 ± 2.76 mg L-1; Potassium 2.50 ± 0.22 to 2.64 ± 0.18 mg L-1; Bicarbonate 284.76 ± 5.43 to 289.80 ± 5.87 mg L-1; Chloride 18.10 ± 6.71 to 18.69 ± 7.82 mg L-1; Sulfate 59.70 ± 3.23 to 67.67 ± 3.01 mg L-1; and Nitrate 3.06 ± 02.90 to 3.85 ± 1.34 mg L-1, during the study, respectively. Using the single-factor assessment approach, it was determined that the concentration of total dissolved solids was observed at (S5), turbidity and color at (S4, S5, and S6), and bicarbonate exceeded the standard at all sites. During the study, the comprehensive water pollution index rates changed from 0.49 to 0.87 with a mean of 0.62 ± 0.16 and from 0.44 to 1.12 with a mean of 0.74 ± 0.30. According to the estimation results of both methods there was a slight to moderately polluted water class at all sites of the studied river. | ||
Keywords | ||
Water quality assessment; water pollution; physicochemical analysis; Sirwan River | ||
References | ||
[1] Adeosun, F., Adams, T., & Amrevuawho, M. (2016). Effect of anthropogenic activities on the water quality parameters of federal university of agriculture Abeokuta reservoir. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 4(3), 104-108. https://eprints.lmu.edu.ng/id/eprint/3383.
[2] Vadde, K. K., Wang J., Cao, L., Yuan, T., McCarthy, A. J., & Sekar, R. (2018). Assessment of water quality and identification of pollution rick locations in Tiaoxi river (Taihu watershed), China. Water 10(2), 183. https://10.3390/w10020183
[3] Carroll, S. P., Dawes, L., Hargreaves, M., & Goonetilleke, A. (2006). Water Quality Profile of an Urbanising Catchment – Ningi Creek Catchment. Technical Report, School of Urban Development, Queensland University of Technology, Caboolture Shire Council, QLD, Australia, pp. 1–93. https://10.13031/2013.24016.
[4] Mazurek, R., Kowalska, J., Gasiorek, M., Zadrozny, P., Józefowska, A., Zaleski, T., Kepka, W., Tymczuk, M., & Orłowska, K. (2017). Assessment of heavy metals contamination in surface layers of Roztocze National Park forest soils (SE Poland) by indices of pollution. Chemosphere, 168, 839-850. https://10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.126
[5] Meng, Y., Gao, S., & Shi, X. (2015). Study on the Development of Water Quality Assessment. International Forum on Energy, Environment Science and Materials (IFEESM 2015). Atlantis Press, 1146-1148.
[6] Zhang, Y., Chu, C., Li, T., Xu, S., Liu, L., & Ju, M. (2017). A water quality management strategy for regionally protected water through health risk assessment and spatial distribution of heavy metal pollution in 3 marine reserves. Science of the Total Environment, 599-600:721-731. https://10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.232
[7] Singh, P.K., Verma, P., Tiwari, A.K., Sharma, S., & Purty, P. (2014). Review of various contamination index approaches to evaluate groundwater quality with geographic information system (GIS). International Journal of Chem Tech Research, 7(4), 1920-1929.
[8] Duodu, G.O., Ogogo, K.N., Mummullage, S., Harden, F., Goonetilleke, A., & Ayoko, G.A. (2017). Source apportionment and risk assessment of PAHs in Brisbane River sediment, Australia. Ecological Indicators, 73, 784-799. https://10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.10.038
[9] Wu, R., Hou L.L., & Lang F.X. (2019). Application comparison of different water quality evaluation methods in Sui Chuan River J. Jiangxi. Water Science and Technology, 45(6), 435-443.
[10] Matta, G., Naik, P.K., Machell, J., Kumar, A., Tiwari, A.K., & Kumar, A. (2018). Comparative study on seasonal variation in hydro-chemical parameters of Ganga River water using comprehensive pollution index (CPI) at Rishikesh (Uttarakhand) India. Desalination Water Treatment, 118, 87–95. https://10.5004/dwt.2018.22487
[11] Ji, X., Dahlgren, R.A., & Zhang, M. (2016). Comparison of seven water quality assessment methods for the characterization and management of highly impaired river systems. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 188(1), 15-30. https://10.1007/s10661-015-5016-2
[12] Yan, C.A., Zhang, W., Zhang, Z., Liu, Y., Deng, C., & Nie, N. (2015). Assessment of water quality and identification of polluted risky regions based on field observations & GIS in the Honghe River Watershed, China. PLoS One; 10(3), e0119130. https://10.1371/journal.pone.0119130
[13] Zhang, L. (2017). Different methods for the evaluation of surface water quality: the case of the Liao River, Liaoning Province, China. International review for spatial planning and sustainable development, 5(4), 4–18. https://10.14246/IRSPSD.5.4_4
[14] APHA. (1998). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20th Edition, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Environmental Federation, Washington DC, 65–68.
[15] Shishaye, H. A. (2018). Diagnosing the suitability of lake water for domestic and agricultural uses: a case study in Eastern Ethiopia. East African Journal of Sciences, 12(2), 101–110.
[16] APHA. (2012). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 22nd edition edited by E. W. Rice, R. B. Baird, A. D. Eaton and L. S. Clesceri. American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA) and Water Environment Federation (WEF), Washington, D.C., USA.
[17] WHO. (2022). Guidelines for drinking-water quality. Fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda. Geneva: World Health Organization, Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240045064
[18] Matta, G., Kumar, A., Nayak, A., Kumar, P., Kumar, A., & Tiwari, A.K. (2020). Water quality and plankton composition of River Henwal (India) using comprehensive pollution index and biotic-Indices. Transactions of the Indian National Academy of Engineering, 5(2), 541–553. http://10.1007/s41403-020-00094-x
[19] Mishra, S., Kumar, A., & Shukla, P. (2015). Study of water quality in Hindon River using pollution index and environmetrics, India. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57(41), 19121‒19130. https://10.1080/19443994.2015.1098570
[20] Son, C.T., Giang, N., Thị Huong, T.T.P., Nui Nguyen, H., Lam Nguyen, T., & Cong, V.H. (2020). Assessment of Cau River water quality assessment using a combination of water quality and pollution indices. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology—AQU, A 69(2), 160‒172. https://10.2166/aqua.2020.122
[21] Khan, M.Y.A., Khan, B., & Chakrapani, G. J. (2016). Assessment of spatial variations in water quality of Garra River at Shahjahanpur, Ganga basin, India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9(8), 516. http://10.1007/s12517-016-2551-2
[22] Matta, G., Srivastava, S., Pandey, R.R., & Sain, K.K. (2015). Assessment of physicochemical characteristics of Ganga Canal water quality in Uttarakhand. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 19(2), 419-431. https://10.1007/s10668-015-9735-x
[23] MONRE. (2006). WATER QUALITY IN VIET NAM with a focus on the Cau, Nhue-Day and Dong Nai River Basins. Vietnamese Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Vietnam National Environmental Report 2006. Available from:http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/637281468308963359/pdf/ 404180VN0Env0M19190001PUBLIC1optmzd.pdf
[24] Bakan, G., Özkoç, H.B., Tülek, S., & Cüce, H. (2010). Integrated Environmental Quality Assessment of Kizilirmak River and Its Coastal Environment. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 10(4), 453-462. https://10.4194/trjfas.2010.0403.
[25] Billah, M., Kamal, A.H.M., Hoque, M.M., & Alam Bhuiyan, K. (2016). Temporal distribution of water characteristics in the Miri estuary, east Malaysia. Zoology and Ecology, 26(2), 134–140. https://10.1080/21658005.2016.1148960.
[26] Howladar, M., Farhad, A., Numanbakth, M.D.A., & Faruque, M.O. (2017). An application of Water Quality Index (WQI) and multivariate statistics to evaluate the water quality around Maddhapara Granite Mining Industrial Area, Dinajpur, Bangladesh. Environmental Systems Research, 6(1), 1-18. https://10.1186/s40068-017-0090-9.
[27] Tanjung, R.H.R., Hamuna, B., & Alianto A. (2019). Assessment of water quality and pollution index in coastal waters of Mimika, Indonesia. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 20(2), 87–94. https://10.12911/22998993/95266 | ||
Statistics Article View: 108 PDF Download: 48 |