An analytical study for the impact of climate change on the occurrence of earthquakes since 2005 until 2021 In Sulaymaniyah / Iraq | ||
Kirkuk University Journal For Agricultural Sciences | ||
Volume 14, Issue 4, December 2023, Pages 131-144 PDF (783.35 K) | ||
Document Type: Research Paper | ||
DOI: 10.58928/ku23.14412 | ||
Authors | ||
Akram M. Abdulrahman* 1; Jawhar H. Khalid2 | ||
1Sulaimaniyah Directory of Agricultural Research, Iraq | ||
2Sulaimaniyah Directorate of Meteorology and Seismology, Iraq | ||
Abstract | ||
Based on a study for 16 years of earthquake data in Sulaymaniyah city from 2005 to 2021 almost 11000 earthquakes were recorded, the degree intensity (4.4 Richter) was chosen to be the critical degree for the earthquake and for humans to feel it, After 2005 there was an increase in the number of earthquakes until 2012, in 2013 it was the peak witch reached 238 hitting, in 2014 there was a significant decreasing and kept down, climate change data focused on months of August, October, November and December, changes that occurred in number of sunny hours were studied there was a significant change in 2005 with value (15.5 hours) which gradually decreased to (10.4 hours), there wasn’t a clear evidence linked sunny hours to occurrence of earthquakes, Rainfall tends to increase relatively in some years in December as well as ( 2007, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2016 and 2018) that were consecutive ( 67, 118, 98.3, 103.6, 185.8 and 315.1 mm) but no evidence connect rainfalls to earthquake occurrence, Temperatures in the months of the study were relatively similar in terms of rise and fall, but the month of December differed slightly in the years 2012 to 2017.No changes noted in October and November in atmospheric pressure values but in December there was a relative increase in most years of study, evaporation rates in December after 2016 there was a relative increase in evaporation rates. | ||
Keywords | ||
Earthquakes,,; ,،Earthquake and climate change,,; ,،Raifall,,; ,،Temperature,,; ,،wind | ||
References | ||
[1]Pagani M, Monelli D, Weatherill G, Danciu L, Crowley H, Silva V, Henshaw P, Butler L, Nastasi M, Panzeri L, Simionato M, Vigano D (2014) OpenQuake engine: an open hazard (and risk) software for the Global Earthquake Model. Seismol Res Lett 85:692–702.
[2]Joseph, F. B., Matthew, J., David, D., 2017. Ten years of measurements and modeling of soil temperature changes and their effects on permafrost in Northwestern Alaska. Global and Planetary Change, Vol.148, pp. 55–71. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.11.009
[3]Sara Meerow & Sierra C. Wood druff, 2020, Seven Principles of Strong Climate Change Planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, No. 86, Vol 1, pp. 39-46, DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2019.1652108
[4]Davide, forcelini, 2021. The Role of Climate Change in the Assessment of the Seismic Resilience of Infrastructures, No.6, Vol. 5, pp. 76, DOI. 10.3390/infrastructures6050076.
[5]Praetorius S., Mix, A., Jensen, B., Froese, D., Milne, G., Wolhowe M., Addison, J., Prahl, F., 2016. Interaction between climate, volcanism, and isostatic rebound in Southeast Alaska during the last deglaciation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 452, pp. 79-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.07.033
[6]Gerber, Brian, J., 2014. Climate Change as a Policy Development and Public Management Challenge: An Introduction to Key Themes. Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy, No. 5 Vol. 2, pp. 97-108. https://doi.org/10.1002/rhc3.12059
[7]Hicman, steve, & John, Langbein, 2004. The Parkfield experiment Capturing what happens in an earthquake. U.S., Geological Survey, fact sheet 049-02.
[8]onshore wind energy power units during earthquakes and wind. Proceedings of the Twelfth (2002) International Off shore and Polar Engineering Conference, Kitakyushu, Japan. The International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers, pp. 520–526
[9]Heki K., Snow load and seasonal variation of earthquake occurrence in Japan. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 207, 159–164 (2003).
[10] Bashair, A.R., M., Israa, H., M., Tariq, N., A., Hisham, M.J., Al S., Hameed, S., 2018. Iraq Earthquake Contour Maps. Themed Section: Science and Technology Vol 4 :5,
[11]Jaff, R.B. N., William, M., Wilkinson, I. P., Lawa, F., Lee S., and Zalasiewicz, J. A., 2014. Refined foraminiferal biostratigraphy for the Late Campanian – Early Maastrichtian of Northeast Iraq. Geo Arabia, No 19, Vol. 1, pp. 161-180. DOI. 10.2113/geoarabia 1901161
[12]Adven, M. 2018.An Enhanced Seismic Activity Observed Due to Climate Change: preliminary Results in Alaska, Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.167, DOI: 10.1088/1755 -1315/167/1/012018
[13]Gulyaeva, T. L., Arikan, F., & Stanislawska, I., 2017. Earthquake aftereffects in the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly region under geomagnetic quiet and storm conditions. Advances in Space Research, No. 2, Vol. 60, pp. 406-418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.03.039
[14]Müller, A., 2009. Climate Change Mitigation: Unleashing the Potential of Agriculture. Presentation made to the UNFCCC Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-Term Cooperative Action, 4 April 2009, Bonn, Germany.
[15]Rathore, F. A. and Gosney, J., 2015, Rehabilitation lessons from the 2005 Pakistan earthquake and others since–looking back and ahead. J Pak Med Assoc, No. 10, Vol 65, pp. 1036-1038, https://www.jpma.org.pk/PdfDownload/7480.pdf
[16]Niu, S.L. and S.Q. Wan, 2008.Warming changes plant competitive hierarchy in a temperate steppe in northern China. J Plant Ecol -UK., No. 2, Vol. 1, pp. 103–110, DOI: 10.1093/jpe O'Brien, G., Phil, O., Joanne R., and Ben W., 2006. Climate Change and Disaster Management. Disasters, No 30, Vol. 1, pp. 64-80 /rtn003
[17]Pulinets, S. A. and A. D. Legen'ka, 2003. Spatial- temporal characteristics of large-scale distributions of electron density observed in the ionospheric F–region before strong earthquakes. Cosmic Research, Vol. 41, pp. 221–229, DOI: 10.1023/A:1024046814173
[18]Rosende, C., Sauma, E., Harrison, G., p., 2019, Effect of Climate Change on wind speed and its impact on optimal power system expansion planning: The case of Chile, Energy Economics, Vol 80, C, pp. 434-45, DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2019.01.012
[19]Akram, M., A., Jawhar, H., K., Zana, M., M., and Aso, K., T., 2021, Influence of temperature rice over 48-year on Sulaimaniyah agroecosystem structure and nematodes distribution gis appli., Zagazig J.Agric. Res., No. 48 Vol. 1, pp. 111- 122, DOI.10.21608/zjar.2021.165676
[20]-Spano, D., Snyder, R.L., Duce, P. and Paw, U., K., T., 1997, Surface renewal analysis for sensible heat fluxdensity using structure func-tions. Agric. and for. Meteorology, Vol 86, pp. 259–271, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(96)02420-3
[21]Howden, S.M.; Soussana, J.F.; Tubiello, F.N.; Chhetri, N.; Dunlop, M. and Meinke, H., 2007. Adapting agriculture to climate change. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 104, 19691-19696, doi:10.1073/pnas.0701890104.
[23]Ennos, A.R., 1997. Wind as an ecological factor. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, No. 1, Vol. 2, pp. 108-111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(96)10066-5
23-Akram, M., Abdulrahman., Jawhar H., Khalid, 2019. Influence of climate changes (Winds, vapour pressure) on Sulaimaniyah Governorate stricture and sustainable Agro ecosystem, Kufa Journal for Agricultural Sciences, No. 11, Vol. 2, pp. 43-53
[24]Ventura, F., Spano, D., Duce, P. and Snyder, R. L., 1999, An evaluation of common evapotranspiration equations. Irrig. Sci., Berlin, No.18, Vol. 4, pp. 163–170, DOI: 10.1007/s002710050058
[25]M. A. Dunajecka., & S. A. Pulinets, 2005, Atmospheric and thermal anomalies observed around the time of strong earthquakes in México. Atmósfera, No 4, Vol. 18, pp. 235-247. DOI: 10.4236/jhepgc.2020.64051
[26]Prachie, S. and Bhupinder, S. G., 2017. Effect of reflected sunlight on plant growth. International Journal of Applied Agricultural Research, No. 3, Vol. 12, pp. 321-324
[27]Charles, S., 2002. Earthquake Engineering Structural Engineering Handbook, Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, PP. 733- 791, DOI. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420042443
[28]Chung, A.I., Meier, M.A., ndrews, J., Böse, M., Crowell, B.W., Mc Guire, J.J., Smith, D.E., 2002. ShakeAlert Earthquake Early Warning System Performance during the 2019 Ridgecrest Earthquake Sequence, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., No. 4, Vol 110, pp. DOI: 10.1785/0120200032 | ||
Statistics Article View: 83 PDF Download: 37 |