Biophysiological Impacts of some Herbs extracts as Antioxidants, an Advanced Contemporary

[1] Galletto R, Siqueira V, Ferreira E, Oliveira A, Bazotti R. Absence of Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effect of Gymnema sylvestre in non-diabetic and alloxan diabetic rats. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 2004; 47:545-551.

[2] Alok S, Jain SK, Verma A, Kumar M, Mahor A, Sabharwal M. Herbal antioxidant in clinical practice: a review. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2014;4(1):78-84. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(14)60213-6.

[3] Yashin A, Yashin Y, Xia X, Nemzer B. Antioxidant Activity of Spices and Their Impact on Human Health: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel). 2017;6(3):70. Published 2017 Sep 15. doi:10.3390/antiox6030070.

[4] Julian M, Yahaya ES, Steenkamp V. African Herbal Remedies with Antioxidant Activity: A Potential Resource Base for Wound Treatment. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018:4089541. Published 2018 Nov 22. doi:10.1155/2018/4089541.

[5] Henning SM, Zhang Y, Seeram NP, et al. Antioxidant capacity and phytochemical content of herbs and spices in dry, fresh and blended herb paste form. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2011;62(3):219-225. doi:10.3109/09637486.2010.530595.

[6] Petrovska BB. Historical review of medicinal plant usage. Pharmacogn Rev. 2012;6(11):1-5. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.95849.

[7] Azaizeh H, Saad B, Khalil K, Said O. The state of the art of traditional Arab herbal medicine in the eastern region of the Mediterranean: a review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2006;3(2):229-235. doi:10.1093/exam/nel034.

[8] Abubakar AR, Haque M. Preparation of Medicinal Plants: Basic Extraction and Fractionation Procedures for Experimental Purposes. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2020;12(1):1-10. doi: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_175_19.

[9] Chandrasekara A, Shahidi F. Herbal beverages: Bioactive compounds and their role in disease risk reduction - A review. J Tradit Complement Med. 2018;8(4):451-458. Published 2018 Aug 9. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.08.006.

[10] Forni C, Facchiano F, Bartoli M, et al. Beneficial Role of Phytochemicals on Oxidative Stress and Age-Related Diseases. Biomed Res Int. 2019:8748253. Published 2019 Apr 7. doi:10.1155/2019/8748253.

[11] Pizzino G, Irrera N, Cucinotta M, et al. Oxidative Stress: Harms and Benefits for Human Health. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017:8416763. doi:10.1155/2017/8416763.

[12] Hasanuzzaman M, Bhuyan MHMB, Zulfiqar F, et al. Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Defense in Plants under Abiotic Stress: Revisiting the Crucial Role of a Universal Defense Regulator. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020;9(8):681. Published 2020 Jul 29. doi:10.3390/antiox9080681.

[13] Burton GJ, Jauniaux E. Oxidative stress. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2011;25(3):287-299. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2010.10.016.

[14] Sies H. Oxidative Stress: Concept and Some Practical Aspects. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020;9(9):852. Published 2020 Sep 10. doi:10.3390/antiox9090852.

[15] Liguori I, Russo G, Curcio F, et al. Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases. Clin Interv Aging. 2018; 13:757-772. Published 2018 Apr 26. doi:10.2147/CIA.S158513.

[16] García-Sánchez A, Miranda-Díaz AG, Cardona-Muñoz EG. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Physiopathology and Pharmacological Treatment with Pro- and Antioxidant Properties in Chronic Diseases. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020; 2020:2082145. Published 2020 Jul 23. doi:10.1155/2020/2082145.

[17] Uttara B, Singh AV, Zamboni P, Mahajan RT. Oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases: a review of upstream and downstream antioxidant therapeutic options. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2009;7(1):65-74. doi:10.2174/157015909787602823.

[18] Cabello-Verrugio C, Vilos C, Rodrigues-Diez R, Estrada L. Oxidative Stress in Disease and Aging: Mechanisms and Therapies 2018. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018; 2018:2835189. Published 2018 Sep 23. doi:10.1155/2018/2835189.

[19] Sharifi-Rad M, Anil Kumar NV, Zucca P, et al. Lifestyle, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Back and Forth in the Pathophysiology of Chronic Diseases. Front Physiol. 2020; 11:694. Published 2020 Jul 2. doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00694.

[20] Yu JH, Kim H. Oxidative stress and cytokines in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer. J Cancer Prev. 2014;19(2):97-102. doi:10.15430/JCP.2014.19.2.97.

[21] Hurrle S, Hsu WH. The etiology of oxidative stress in insulin resistance. Biomed J. 2017;40(5):257-262. doi:10.1016/j.bj.2017.06.007.

[22] De la Fuente M, Hernanz A, Vallejo MC. The immune system in the oxidative stress conditions of aging and hypertension: favorable effects of antioxidants and physical exercise. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2005;7(9-10):1356-1366. doi:10.1089/ars.2005.7.1356.

[23] Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak A, Chandra N. Free radicals, antioxidants, and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacogn Rev. 2010;4(8):118-126. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.70902.

[24] Klaunig JE, Kamendulis LM, Hocevar BA. Oxidative stress and oxidative damage in carcinogenesis. Toxicol Pathol. 2010;38(1):96-109. doi:10.1177/0192623309356453.

[25] Bhatnagar A, Tripathi Y, Kumar A. Change in Oxidative Stress of Normotensive Elderly Subjects Following Lifestyle Modifications. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(9):CC09-CC13. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/20184.8469.

[26] Carraro E, Schilirò T, Biorci F, et al. Physical Activity, Lifestyle Factors and Oxidative Stress in Middle Age Healthy Subjects. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(6):1152. Published 2018 Jun 1. doi:10.3390/ijerph15061152.

[27] Aruoma OI. Free radicals, oxidative stress, and antioxidants in human health and disease. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 1998;75(2):199-212. doi:10.1007/s11746-998-0032-9

[28] Pham-Huy LA, He H, Pham-Huy C. Free radicals, antioxidants in disease and health. Int J Biomed Sci. 2008; 4(2):89-96.

[29] Noh H, Ha H. Reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. Contrib Nephrol. 2011; 170:102-112. Doi: 10.1159/000324955.

[30] Dhawan, Veena. “Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species: General Considerations.” (2014).

[31] Salehi B, Martorell M, Arbiser JL, et al. Antioxidants: Positive or Negative Actors? Biomolecules. 2018; 8(4):124. Published 2018 Oct 25. Doi: 10.3390/biom8040124.

[32] Jakubczyk K, Dec K, Kałduńska J, Kawczuga D, Kochman J, Janda K. Reactive oxygen species - sources, functions, oxidative damage. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2020; 48(284):124-127.

[33] Solésence. WHAT ARE FREE RADICALS, ANYWAY? [Internet]. 2022. Available from: https://solesence.com/what-are-free-radicals-anyway/.

[34] Rahman K. Studies on free radicals, antioxidants, and co-factors. Clin Interv Aging. 2007; 2(2):219-236.

[35] Di Meo S, Venditti P. Evolution of the Knowledge of Free Radicals and Other Oxidants. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020:9829176. Published 2020 Apr 23. doi:10.1155/2020/9829176.

[36] Napolitano A, Manini P, d'Ischia M. Oxidation chemistry of catecholamines and neuronal degeneration: an update. Curr Med Chem. 2011; 18(12):1832-1845. Doi: 10.2174/092986711795496863.

[37] Sun MS, Jin H, Sun X, et al. Free Radical Damage in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: An Obstacle in Acute Ischemic Stroke after Revascularization Therapy. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018; 2018:3804979. Published 2018 Jan 31. doi:10.1155/2018/3804979.

[38] Čipak Gašparović A. Free Radical Research in Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020; 9(2):157. Published 2020 Feb 15. Doi: 10.3390/antiox9020157.

[39] Phaniendra A, Jestadi DB, Periyasamy L. Free radicals: properties, sources, targets, and their implication in various diseases. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2015; 30(1):11-26. Doi: 10.1007/s12291-014-0446-0.

[40] Aprioku JS. Pharmacology of free radicals and the impact of reactive oxygen species on the testis. J Reprod Infertil. 2013; 14(4):158-172.

[41] Thomas S, Kotamraju S, Zielonka J, Harder DR, Kalyanaraman B. Hydrogen peroxide induces nitric oxide and proteasome activity in endothelial cells: a bell-shaped signaling response. Free Radic Biol Med. 2007; 42(7):1049-1061. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.01.005.

[42] Stanley WJ, Litwak SA, Quah HS, et al. Inactivation of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases Enhances Interferon Signaling in Pancreatic Islets. Diabetes. 2015; 64(7):2489-2496. Doi: 10.2337/db14-1575.

[43] Das DK, Maulik N, Sato M, Ray PS. Reactive oxygen species function as second messenger during ischemic preconditioning of the heart. Mol Cell Biochem. 1999; 196(1-2):59-67.

[44] Alhayaza R, Haque E, Karbasiafshar C, Sellke FW, Abid MR. The Relationship Between Reactive Oxygen Species and Endothelial Cell Metabolism. Front Chem. 2020; 8:592688. Published 2020 Nov 26. doi:10.3389/fchem.2020.592688.

[45] Ayala A, Muñoz MF, Argüelles S. Lipid peroxidation: production, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014; 2014:360438. doi:10.1155/2014/360438.

[46] Barrera G. Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation products in cancer progression and therapy. ISRN Oncol. 2012; 2012:137289. doi:10.5402/2012/137289.

[47] Eyre DR, Weis M, Rai J. Analyses of lysine aldehyde cross-linking in collagen reveal that the mature cross-link histidinohydroxylysinonorleucine is an artifact. J Biol Chem. 2019; 294(16):6578-6590. doi:10.1074/jbc.RA118.007202.

[48] Dahl JU, Gray MJ, Jakob U. Protein quality control under oxidative stress conditions. J Mol Biol. 2015; 427(7):1549-1563. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.02.014.

[49] Stadtman ER. Metal ion-catalyzed oxidation of proteins: biochemical mechanism and biological consequences [published correction appears in Free Radic Biol Med 1991; 10(3-4):249]. Free Radic Biol Med. 1990; 9(4):315-325. Doi: 10.1016/0891-5849(90)90006-5.

[50] Kim G, Weiss SJ, Levine RL. Methionine oxidation and reduction in proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014; 1840(2):901-905. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.04.038.

[51] Aust AE, Eveleigh JF. Mechanisms of DNA oxidation. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1999; 222(3):246-252. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1373. 1999.d01-141.x.

 [52] Burton K. Oxidation of pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides by osmium tetroxide. Biochem J. 1967; 104(2):686-694. Doi: 10.1042/bj1040686.

[53] Dutta S, Majzoub A, Agarwal A. Oxidative stress and sperm function: A systematic review on evaluation and management. Arab J Urol. 2019; 17(2):87-97. Published 2019 Apr 24. doi:10.1080/2090598X.2019.1599624.

[54] Hahn D, Shin SH, Bae JS. Natural Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Compounds in Foodstuff or Medicinal Herbs Inducing Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression. Antioxidants (Basel). 2020; 9(12):1191. Published 2020 Nov 27. Doi: 10.3390/antiox9121191.

[55] Unuofin JO, Lebelo SL. Antioxidant Effects and Mechanisms of Medicinal Plants and Their Bioactive Compounds for the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: An Updated Review. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020; 2020:1356893. Published 2020 Feb 13. doi:10.1155/2020/1356893.

[56] Dey P, Kundu A, Kumar A, et al. Analysis of alkaloids (indole alkaloids, isoquinoline alkaloids, tropane alkaloids). Recent Advances in Natural Products Analysis. 2020; 505-567. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-816455-6.00015-9.

[57] Suomi J, Sirén H, Hartonen K, Riekkola ML. Extraction of iridoid glycosides and their determination by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. J Chromatogr A. 2000; 868(1):73-83. Doi: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01170-x.

[58] Cid-Ortega S, Monroy-Rivera JA. Extraction of Kaempferol and Its Glycosides Using Supercritical Fluids from Plant Sources: A Review. Food Technol Biotechnol. 2018; 56(4):480-493. doi:10.17113/ftb.56.04.18.5870.

[59] Jiang Z, Kempinski C, Chappell J. Extraction and Analysis of Terpenes/Terpenoids. Curr Protoc Plant Biol. 2016; 1:345-358. doi:10.1002/cppb.20024.

[60] Jacobson MZ, Archer CL. Saturation wind power potential and its implications for wind energy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012; 109(39):15679-15684. doi:10.1073/pnas.1208993109.

[61] Isidore E, Karim H, Ioannou I. Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Terpenes from Cannabis sativa L. By-Products: From Conventional to Intensified Processes. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021; 10(6):942. Published 2021 Jun 10. Doi: 10.3390/antiox10060942.

[62] Chaves JO, de Souza MC, da Silva LC, et al. Extraction of Flavonoids from Natural Sources Using Modern Techniques. Front Chem. 2020; 8:507887. Published 2020 Sep 25. doi:10.3389/fchem.2020.507887.

[63] Woinaroschy, Alexandru, Badarau, Carmen, Brezan, Boris. The total content of polyphenols and flavonoids of some plants extracts, as potential additions for cider obtaining. UPB Scientific Bulletin, Series B: Chemistry and Materials Science. 2019; 81. 23-30.

[64] Li C, Chen S, Sha J, et al. Extraction and purification of total flavonoids from Eupatorium lindleyanum DC. and evaluation of their antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. Food Sci Nutr. 2021; 9(5):2349-2363. Published 2021 Apr 3. doi:10.1002/fsn3.1999.

[65] Rodríguez De Luna SL, Ramírez-Garza RE, Serna Saldívar SO. Environmentally Friendly Methods for Flavonoid Extraction from Plant Material: Impact of Their Operating Conditions on Yield and Antioxidant Properties. Scientific World Journal. 2020; 2020:6792069. Published 2020 Aug 28. doi:10.1155/2020/6792069.

[66] Remesy C, Demigne C. Determination of volatile fatty acids in plasma after ethanolic Extraction. Biochem J. 1974; 141(1):85-91. Doi: 10.1042/bj1410085.

[67] Reyhanitash E, Kersten SRA, Schuur B. Recovery of Volatile Fatty Acids from Fermented Wastewater by Adsorption. ACS Sustain Chem Eng. 2017; 5(10):9176-9184. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b02095.

[68] Dixit P, Ghaskadbi S, Mohan H, Devasagayam TP. Antioxidant properties of germinated fenugreek seeds. Phytother Res. 2005; 19(11):977-983. doi:10.1002/ptr.1769.

[69] Tewari D, Jóźwik A, Łysek-Gładysińska M, et al. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Seeds Dietary Supplementation Regulates Liver Antioxidant Defense Systems in Aging Mice. Nutrients. 2020; 12(9):2552. Published 2020 Aug 24. Doi: 10.3390/nu12092552.

[70] Fenugreek. In: Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed). Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); August 16, 2021.

[71] Ravikumar P, Anuradha CV. Effect of fenugreek seeds on blood lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in diabetic rats. Phytother Res. 1999; 13(3):197-201. Doi: 10.1002/ (SICI) 1099-1573(199905)13:3<197: AID-PTR413>3.0.CO; 2-L.

[72] Dhull SB, Kaur M, Sandhu KS. Antioxidant characterization and in vitro DNA damage protection potential of some Indian fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) cultivars: effect of solvents. J Food Sci Technol. 2020; 57(9):3457-3466. Doi: 10.1007/s13197-020-04380-y.

[73] Rababah TM, Hettiarachchy NS, Horax R. Total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, Gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone. J Agric Food Chem. 2004; 52(16):5183-5186. Doi: 0.1021/jf049645z.

[74] Sanderson, Helen; Renfrew, Jane M. (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (Eds.). The Cultural History of Plants. Routledge. p. 111. ISBN 0415927463.

[75] BP Pimple, a Patel, PV Kadam, MJ Patil. Microscopic evaluation and physicochemical analysis of Origanum majorana Linn leaves. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 2, S897-S903.

[76] Duke, James A. (2002). Handbook of medicinal herbs. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-1284-1. OCLC 899024950.

[77] Bina, Fatemeh; Rahimi, Roja (January 2017). "Sweet Marjoram: A Review of Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, and Biological Activities". Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine. 22 (1): 175–185. Doi: 10.1177/2156587216650793. ISSN 2156-5899. PMC 5871212. PMID 27231340.

[78] Coccimiglio J, Alipour M, Jiang ZH, Gottardo C, Suntres Z. Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Cytotoxic Activities of the Ethanolic Origanum vulgare Extract and Its Major Constituents. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016; 2016:1404505. doi:10.1155/2016/1404505.

[79] Simirgiotis MJ, Burton D, Parra F, et al. Antioxidant and Antibacterial Capacities of Origanum vulgare L. Essential Oil from the Arid Andean Region of Chile and its Chemical Characterization by GC-MS. Metabolites. 2020; 10(10):414. Published 2020 Oct 16. Doi: 10.3390/metabo10100414.

 [80] Leyva-López N, Gutiérrez-Grijalva EP, Vazquez-Olivo G, Heredia JB. Essential Oils of Oregano: Biological Activity beyond Their Antimicrobial Properties. Molecules. 2017; 22(6):989. Published 2017 Jun 14. Doi: 10.3390/molecules22060989.

[81] Kuroda Y. and Hara Y. "Antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic activity of tea polyphenols" Mutat Res. 1999; 436 (1): 69 -97.

[82] Khan N, Mukhtar H."Tea and health: studies in humans". Current Pharmaceutical Design (Literature Review). 2013; 19 (34): 6141–7. Doi: 10.2174/1381612811319340008. PMC 4055352. PMID 23448443.

[83] Chacko SM, Thambi PT, Kuttan R, Nishigaki I. Beneficial effects of green tea: a literature review. Chin Med. 2010; 5:13. Published 2010 Apr 6. Doi: 10.1186/1749-8546-5-13.

[84] Xu R, Yang K, Li S, Dai M, Chen G. Effect of green tea consumption on blood lipids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr J. 2020; 19(1):48. Published 2020 May 20. Doi: 10.1186/s12937-020-00557-5.

[85] Prasanth MI, Sivamaruthi BS, Chaiyasut C, Tencomnao T. A Review of the Role of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) in Antiphotoaging, Stress Resistance, Neuroprotection, and Autophagy. Nutrients. 2019; 11(2):474. Published 2019 Feb 23. Doi: 10.3390/nu11020474.

[86] Koo SI, Noh SK. Green tea as inhibitor of the intestinal absorption of lipids: potential mechanism for its lipid-lowering effect. J Nutr Biochem. 2007; 18(3):179-183. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.12.005.

[87] Zohary D and Hopf M (2000). Domestication of plants in the Old World (first Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 206.

[88] Arun KB, Aswathi U, Venugopal VV, Madhavankutty TS, Nisha P. Nutraceutical properties of cumin residue generated from Ayurvedic industries using cell line models. J Food Sci Technol. 2016; 53(10):3814-3824. Doi: 10.1007/s13197-016-2372-z

[89] Mnif S, Aifa S. Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) from traditional uses to potential biomedical applications. Chem Biodivers. 2015; 12(5):733-742. doi:10.1002/cbdv.201400305.

[90] Sastry EV, Anandaraj M. "Cumin, Fennel and Fenugreek". Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS). Retrieved 29 November 2013.

[91] Reply IB, Zakhama N, Karoui IJ, Marzouk B. Polyphenol composition and antioxidant activity of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) seed extract under drought. J Food Sci. 2012; 77(6):C734-C739. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02731. x.

[92] Kaur G, Upadhyay N, Tharappel LJP, Invally M. Pharmacodynamic interaction of cumin seeds (Cuminum cyminum L.) with glyburide in diabetes. J Complement Integr Med. 2019; 16(4):/j/jcim.2019.16.issue-4/jcim-2018-0080/jcim-2018-0080.xml. Published 2019 Jul 26. Doi: 10.1515/jcim-2018-0080.

[93] Ani V, Naidu KA. Antioxidant potential of bitter cumin (Centratherum anthelmintic (L.) Kuntze) seeds in in vitro models. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2011; 11:40. Published 2011 May 20. Doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-40.

 [94] Ghasemi G, Fattahi M, Alirezalu A, Ghost Y. Antioxidant and antifungal activities of a new chemovar of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). Food Sci Biotechnol. 2018; 28(3):669-677. Published 2018 Nov 8. Doi: 10.1007/s10068-018-0506-y.

[95] Asghari Marjanlo A, Mostofi Y, Shoeibi S, Fattahi M. Effect of Cumin Essential Oil on Postharvest Decay and Some Quality Factors of Strawberry. J. Med. Plants. 2009; 3:25–43.

[96] Blamey, M., Grey-Wilson, C. Illustrated Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. 1989; ISBN 0-340-40170-2.

[97] Meyer, H., Bolarinwa, A., Wolfram, G., Linseisen, J. "Bioavailability of apigenin from apiin-rich parsley in humans"، Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2006, 50 (3): 167–172، doi: 10.1159/000090736، PMID 16407641.

[98] Farzaei MH, Abbasabadi Z, Ardekani MR, Rahimi R, Farzaei F. Parsley: a review of ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and biological activities. J Tradit Chin Med. 2013; 33(6):815-826. Doi: 10.1016/s0254-6272(14)60018-2.

[99] Haidari F, Keshavarz SA, Mohammad Shahi M, Mahboob SA, Rashidi MR. Effects of Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) and its Flavonol Constituents, Kaempferol and Quercetin, on Serum Uric Acid Levels, Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Liver Xanthine Oxidoreductase Activity inOxonate-Induced Hyperuricemic Rats. Iran J Pharm Res. 2011; 10(4):811-819.

[100] Tang EL, Rajarajeswaran J, Fung S, Kanthimathi MS. Petroselinum crispum has antioxidant properties, protects against DNA damage and inhibits proliferation and migration of cancer cells. J Sci Food Agric. 2015; 95(13):2763-2771. doi:10.1002/jsfa.7078.

[101] Akıncı A, Eşrefoğlu M, Taşlıdere E, Ateş B. Petroselinum Crispum is Effective in Reducing Stress-Induced Gastric Oxidative Damage. Balkan Med J. 2017; 34(1):53-59. doi:10.4274/balkanmedj.2015.1411

[102] Allam AA, Maodaa SN, Abo-Eleneen R, Ajarem J. Protective Effect of Parsley Juice (Petroselinum crispum, Apiaceae) against Cadmium Deleterious Changes in the Developed Albino Mice Newborns (Mus musculus) Brain. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016; 2016:2646840. doi:10.1155/2016/2646840.

[103] Parsley. In: Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed). Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); February 15, 2021.