Assessment of the Environmental and Health risks of Chromium in the Soil of Tanning Factories (Baghdad City - Iraq)

Mahdi, Rawnaq S.

doi:10.30684/etj.2023.137146.1337

	Assessment of the Environmental and Health risks of Chromium in the Soil of Tanning Factories (Baghdad City - Iraq)
Engineering and Technology Journal
Article 7, Volume 41, Issue 5, May 2023, Pages 673-686 PDF (595.41 K)
Document Type: Research Paper
DOI: 10.30684/etj.2023.137146.1337
Author
Rawnaq S. Mahdi^*
Civil Engineering Dept., University of Technology-Iraq, Alsina’a street, 10066 Baghdad, Iraq.
Abstract
The present study assesses the pollution level and health risk of heavy metal (Cr) in the area surrounding the tanning factories’ soil in Baghdad city-Iraq. Chromium concentration, mean, and median values were calculated. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo), the enrichment factor (EF), and the integrated pollution index (IPI) have been used in the assessment of pollution. The lowest value of (Igeo) at the surface to the north of the factory was (2.36), and the highest value of (Igeo) at a depth of 100 cm from the surface to the south of the factory was (94.94). All values of (EF) were greater than 40. The values of (IPI) at the surface and a depth of 100 cm from the surface of the soil are considered to cause an extreme level of contamination. A depth of 50 cm from the surface of the soil to the north of the factory is considered to have a high level of contamination. In addition, the estimated health risk was assessed by calculating the values of hazard quotient (HQ), health index (HI) for non-carcinogenic, lifetime average daily dose (LADD) for carcinogenic heavy metals, and lifetime cancer risk (R). The values of HI were found at a safe level (<1). Moreover, carcinogenic risks were estimated by the exposure results, where the highest value of R was 51.9, and the lowest value was 0.231.
Highlights
Chromium concentration, mean, and median values were calculated. The lowest value of (Igeo) was (2.36), which is moderately strongly polluted because Igoe is from (2-3). The values of HI were found to be at a safe level (<1) for adults and children
Keywords
Chromium; Health risk; Integrated pollution index Environmental pollution

References
[1] M. Heikoop et al., Isotopic evidence for reduction of anthropogenic hexavalent chromium in Los Alamos National Laboratory groundwater. Chem Geol. 373 (2014):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemg eo.2014.02.022 [2] JA. Baig et al., Quantification of hexavalent chromium in surface water samples by a selective electrochemical Method. J AOAC Int. 101 (2018) 577–586. https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoac int.17-0208 [3] JA. Baig et al., Arsenic exposure in children through drinking water in different districts of Sindh, Pakistan. Biol Trace Elem.(2016) 173:35–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-016-0636-0 [4] A. Naz et al., Human health risk assessment of chromium in drinking water: a case study of Sukinda chromite mine, Odisha, India. Expos Health. 8 (2016) 253–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1240 3-016-0199-5 [5] N. Othax et al., Evaluación de riesgo a la salud y contaminantes en agua de bebida. Importancia de la ingesta de agua. Acta Toxicológica Argentina. 27 (2019) 19–29. [6] RA. Fallahzadeh et al., Spatial distribution variation and probabilistic risk assessment of exposure to chromium in groundwater supplies; a case study in the east of Iran. Food Chem Toxicol. 115 (2018) 260–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.019 [7] K. Mehmood et al., Quantitative assessment of human health risk posed with chromium in waste, ground, and surface water in an industrial hub of Pakistan. Arab J Geosci. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s1251 7-019-4470-5 [8] M. Chabukdhara,and AK. Nema, Heavy metals assessment in urban soils around industrial clusters in Ghaziabad, India: probabilistic health risk approach. Ecotoxicol Environ Safe. 87 (2013) 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoen v.2012.08.032 [9] Y. Xu et al., Occurrence and risk assessment of potentially toxic elements and typical organic pollutants in polluted rural soils. Sci Total Environ. 630 (2018) 618–629. [10] I. Timofeev et al., Health risk assessment based on the contents of potentially toxic elements in urban soils of Darkhan, Mongolia. J Environ Manage. 242 (2019) 279–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvm an.2019.04.090 [11] N. Adimalla, Heavy metals contamination in urban surface soils of Medak province, India, and its risk assessment and spatial distribution. Environ Geochem Health. 42 (2020) 59–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1065 3-019-00270 -1 [12] HT. Moryani et al.,Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Accumulated on PM2.5 Fractioned Road Dust from Two Cities of Pakistan, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health ,17(2020) 7124. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197124 [13] S. Chonokhuu et al., Assessment of heavy metal pollution of topsoil in settlement area, Darkhan city. Proc. Mong. Acad. Sci. (2018) 55–65. https://doi.org/10.5564/pmas.v58i1.972 [14] C. Sonomdagva et al.,Some results of soil contamination study of settlement areas, Ulaanbaatar citiy. PMAS,56 ( 2016) 114–126. [15] N. Zheng et al., Health risk assessment of heavy metal exposure to street dust in the zinc smelting district, northeast of China. Sci. Total Environ. 408 (2010) 726–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.075 [16] AM. Al Obaidy, and AA. Al Mashhadi, Heavy Metal Contaminations in Urban Soil within Baghdad City, Iraq, Journal of Environmental Protection. 4 (2013) 72-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2013.41008 [17] O.E. Timothey, In Situ Treatment of soil and Groundwater Contaminated with Chromium, Technical Resource Guide. EPA 625/R-00/004. October 2000. [18] C.M. Aelion et al., Metal Concentrations in Rural Topsoil in South Carolina: Potential for Human Health Impact, Science of the Total Environment. 402 (2008) 149-56. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2008.04.043 [19] A.S. Knox et al. 1999. In: Bioremediation of Contaiminated Soils, Sources and Practices Contributing to Soil Contamination. Adriano, D.C. Bollag, J.M., Frankenberger, Jr., W.T. and Sims, R.C. No. 37, Ch. 4. Madison, Wisconsin, USA [20] E. De Miguel et al., The overlooked contribution of compost application to the trace element load in the urban soil of Madrid (Spain). Sci. Total Environ. 215 (1998) 113–122. [CrossRef]. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00112-0 [21] L. Madrid et al., Distribution of Heavy Metal Contents of Urban Soils in Parks of Seville, Chemosphere. 2002 49, 10, 1301 1308. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00530-1 [22] A. Dube et al., Adsorption and Migration of Heavy Metals in Soil. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 10 (2001) 1-10. [23] Y.S. Ho, Isotherms for the Sorption of Lead onto Peat: Comparison of Linear and Non-Linear Methods. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 51 (2006) 81. [24] G. Yaylalı-Abanuz, Heavy Metal Contamination of Surface Soil around Gebze Industrial Area, Turkey. Microchemical Journal. 99 (2011) 82-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2011.04.004 [25] J. Wyszkowska, Soil Contamination by Chromium and Its Enzymatic Activity and Yielding, Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 11 (2002) 79. [26] A.A. Belay, Impacts of Chromium from Tannery Effluent and Evaluation of Alternative Treatment Options, Journal of Environmental Protection. 1 (2010) 53-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2010.11007 [27] P. Babula et al., Uncommon heavy metals, metalloids and their plant toxicity: A review. Environ. Chem. Lett. 6 (2008) 189–213. [CrossRef]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-008-0159-9 [28] F. Alesia et al., A Review of the Field on Children’s Exposure to Environmental Contaminants: A Risk Assessment Approach. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 14 (2017) 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030265 [29] E. De Miguel et al., Risk-based evaluation of the exposure of children to trace elements in playgrounds in Madrid (Spain). Chemosphere 66 (2007) 505–513. [CrossRef] [PubMed]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.065 [30] L. Ferreira-Baptista ,and E.S. de Miguel, Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda, Angola: A tropical urban environment. Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 4501–4512. [CrossRef]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.03.026 [31] L. Madrid et al., Distribution of heavy metal contents of urban soils in parks of Seville. Chemosphere 2002, 49, 1301–1308. [CrossRef]. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00530-1 [32] L. Poggio et al., Introducing a method of human health risk evaluation for planning and soil quality management of heavy metal-polluted soils—An example from Grugliasco (Italy). Landsc. Urban Plan. 2008, 88, 64–72. [CrossRef]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.08.002 [33] C.M. Aelion et al., Metal concentrations in rural topsoil in South Carolina: Potential for human health impact. Sci. Total Environ. 2008, 402, 149–156. [CrossRef]. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2008.04.043 [34] N. Sezgin et al., Determination of heavy metal concentrations in street dusts in Istanbul E-5 highway. Environ. Int. 2004, 29, 979–985. [CrossRef]. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0160-4120(03)00075-8 [35] F. Ahmed, and H. Ishiga, Trace metal concentrations in street dusts of Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, 3835–3844. [CrossRef]. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.03.004 [36] [36] B. Wei et al.,Heavy metal induced ecological risk in the city of Urumqi, NW China. Environ. Monit. Assess 2010, 160, 33–45. [CrossRef]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0655-1 [37] Kabata-Pendias, A. and Pendias, H.Trace Elements in Soils and Plants; CRC Press, Boca Raton, London, 2001. [38] Riley, J.P. and Chester, R. Introduction to Marine Chemistry; Academic Press, London, New York, Academic Press, 1971. [39] Alloway, B.J. Heavy Metals in Soils. Blackie Academic and Professional; London, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1344-1 [40] G. Muller, Index of Geo-Accumulation in Sediments of the Rhine River. GeoJournal, 2, (1969) 108–118 [41] Ji, Y. et al.,Using geoaccumulation index to study source profiles of soil dust in China. J. Environ. Sci. 20 (2008) 571–578. [CrossRef]. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62096-3 [42] K.K. Loska et al.,Use of Enrichment and Contamination Factors Together with Geoaccumulation Indexes to Evaluate the Content of Cd, Cu and Ni in the Rybnik Water Reservoir in Poland. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 93 (1997), 1, 347- 365. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022121615949 [43] G.M.S. Abrahim and R.J. Parker, Assessment of Heavy Metal Enrichment Factors and the Degree of Contamination in Marine Sediments fromTamaki Estuary, Aukland, New Zealand. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 136 (2008), 1-3, 227-238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9678-2 [44] P. Quevauviller et al.,Impact of Industrial and Mine Drainage Wastes on the Heavy Metal Distribution in the Drainage Basin and Estuary of the Sado River, Portugal. Environmental Pollution. 59 (1989) 4, 267-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(89)90155-3 [45] K.C. Schiff and S.B. Weisberg, “Iron as a Reference Element for Determining Trace Metal Enrichment in Southern California Coastal Shelf Sediments. Marian Environmental Research 48. 2 (1999) , 161-176. https://doi.org/10.12691/wjar-2-1-2. [46] C. Reimann and P. de Caritat, Intrinsic Flaws of Element Enrichment Factors in Environmental Geochemistry. Environmental Science and Technology. 34 (2000) , 24, 5084-5091. https://doi.org/10.1021/es001339o [47] Tippie, V.K. An Environmental Characterization of Chesapeake Bay and a Frame Work for Action; In: V. Kennedy, Ed., The Estuary as a Filter, Academic Press, New York, 1984. [48] R. Rubio and F. Vilas, Geochemistry of Major and Trace Elements in Sediments of the Ria de Vigo (NW Spain) an Assessment of Metal Pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 40 (2000) 11, 968-980. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00039-4 [49] R.A. Sutherland, Bed Sediment Associated Trace Metals in an Urban Stream, Oahu, Hawaii, Environmental Geology. 39 (2000) 611-627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050473 [50] K. Keshav and RK. Mohan, Distribution, correlation, ecological and health risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in surface soils around an industrial area, Hyderabad, India. Environ Earth Sci. 75 (2016) 411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-5151-7 [51] Y. Sun et al.,sources and risk assessment of heavy metal contamination of urban soils in typical regions of Shenyang, China. J Hazard Mater. 2010;174:455-462. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.074 [52] XS. Luo et al.,Incorporating bioaccessibility into human health risk assessments of heavy metals in urban park soils. Sci Total Environ. (2012) 1;424:88-96. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.02.053. [53] FM. Kusin et al., Distribution of heavy metals and metalloid in surface sediments of heavily-mined area for bauxite ore in Pengerang, Malaysia and associated risk assessment.Catena 165 (2018): 454-464. [54] A. Jayarathne et al., Assessment of ecological and human health risks of metals in urban road dust based on geochemical fractionation and potential bioavailability. Sci Total Environ. 2018;635:1609-1619.doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.098 [55] H. Khwaja et al., Effect of air pollution on daily morbidity in Karachi, Pakistan. J Local Glob Health Sci. , 3 (2012) 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/jlghs.2012.3 [56] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund. Human Health Evaluation Manua. 1989. Accessed August 28, 2022. https://www.epa.gov/risk/risk-assessment-guidance-superfund- rags-part [57] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Supplemental Guidance for Developing Soil Screening Levels for Superfund Sites. 2001. Accessed August 28, 2022. [58] USEPA. Supplemental Guidance for Developing Soil Screening Levels for Superfund Sites; Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response: Washington, DC, USA, 2001. [59] US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Vol. Vol.1:Human Health Evaluation Manual; Office of Soild Iste and Emergency Response: Washington, DC, USA, 1989. [60] Vogliano, V.J. Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs; IARC: Lion, France, 2019; Volume 1–24. [61] R. Y. Kim et al., Bioavailability of heavy metals in soils, definitions and practical implementation - a critical review. Environ. Geochem. Hlth. 37 (2015) 1041–1061. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-015-9695-y [62] B. Chen, et al., Source identification, spatial distribution pattern, risk assessment and influencing factors for soil heavy metal pollution in a high-tech industrial development zone in Central China. Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J 49 (2020), 1–15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2020.1739510 [63] H. Khademi et al., Environmental impact assessment of industrial activities on heavy metals distribution in street dust and soil. Chemosphere, 217 (2019) 695–705. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.045 [64] M. H. E. Monged et al., Spatial Distribution and Ecological Risk Assessment of Natural Radionuclides and Trace Elements in Agricultural Soil of Northeastern Nile Valley, Egypt. Water Air and Soil Pollution. 7 (2020) 231:338. doi: 10.1007/s11270-020 04678-9 [65] Y. Guan, et al., Heavy metal contamination assessment and partition for industrial and mining gathering areas. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 11 (2014) 7286–7303. [66] M., Varol, Assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediments of the Tigris River (Turkey) using pollution indices and multivariate statistical techniques. j.jhazmat. 195 (2011) 355–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.08.051 [67] International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2012) International Agency for research on Cancer, Lyon. [68] A. Paul et al., The cochaperone SGTA (small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein alpha) demonstrates regulatory specificity for the androgen, glucocorticoid, and progesterone receptors. J Biol Chem. 289 (2014) 15297-308. doi: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.535229. [69] FM. Kusin et al ., Distribution of heavy metals and metalloid in surface sediments of heavily-mined area for bauxite ore in Pengerang, Malaysia and associated risk assessment.Catena. 165 (2018) 454-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.02.029 [70] M. Di’az-Somoano et al., Stable lead isotope compositions in selected coals from around the world and implications for present day aerosol source tracing, Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 (2009) 1078-85. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es801818r [71] C. Sonomdagva et al., Contamination and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Soil of Major Cities in Mongolia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 16 (2019) 2552. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142552.
Statistics Article View: 31 PDF Download: 50