DEVISING A GUIDE TO THE FLOWERING WINDOW OF COMMON AND INTRODUCTION VARIETIES OF DURUM WHEAT (TRITICUM DURUM DESF.) IN IRAQ | ||
ANBAR JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES | ||
Article 1, Volume 20, Issue 2, December 2022, Pages 233-244 PDF (580.24 K) | ||
Document Type: Research Paper | ||
DOI: 10.32649/ajas.2022.176555 | ||
Authors | ||
A. S. Albarwary1; A. A. Alrijabo2 | ||
1Ministry of Agric. and Water R., Directorate of Res. and Extension, Erbil, Iraq | ||
2College of Agriculture and Forestry- Mosul University | ||
Abstract | ||
This study was conducted in 2019/2020 agricultural season in a high rainfall area in Fayda sub-district, Dohuk governorate. The study include two factors, the 1st factor was 28 durum wheat varieties grown in Iraq, while the 2nd factor was the sowing date in two levels: early sowing before the fall of first heavy effective rain and late sowing after the fall of the first heavy effective rain. The interaction between sowing dates and studied varieties and its effect on the flowering window was studied by determining three basic growth stages according to the Zadoks scale, which were the end of booting stage (Z-49) when first awns visible, the beginning of anthesis growth stage (Z-61), and anthesis complete growth stage (Z-69). The most important results obtained in the field study on the effect of varieties and sowing dates in the flowering window, it was possible to develop a guide for the ideal sowing dates for durum wheat varieties in Iraq by knowing the extent to which the productivity of these varieties is affected by sowing dates, and through that it was possible to classify them into three groups, the first group of varieties can planted before the 1st effective rain fall, the second after the 1st effective rain fall, and the third is neutral, and these results were according to early and late flowering based on the LSD values of the average varieties for the three growth stages under study. | ||
Keywords | ||
Flowering window; sowing date; Durum Wheat; Zadoks growth scale; Iraqi varieties | ||
References | ||
1- Abd El-Rahman, G. (2009). Water use efficiency of wheat under drip irrigation systems at Al-Maghara Area, North Sinai, and Egypt. American-Eurasian Journal Agriculture and Environment Science, 5(5): 664-70.
2- Abdel-Rady, A. G., and Y. S. I. Koubisy. (2017). Performance and Stability of Some Durum 247 Wheat Genotypes under Different Sowing Dates and Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels. Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 62(3): 259-271.
3- Al-Dhahi, W. T., and M. S. Al-Taweel. (2021). Estimation of some genetic parameters of genotypes of durum wheat under the influence of sowing rates and planting dates. PhD thesis, University of Mosul, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Field Crops.
4- Alrijabo, A. A. J., and Hassan, H. H. (2011). Effect of seed grading, seed rate and zero tillage planting method on growth, yield and its components of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) under rain fed area. Mesopotamia Agriculture Journal, 39(1): 177-190.
5- Anderson, W., and J. Garlinge. (2000). The wheat book principles and practice. (GRDC) Grains Research and Development Corporation. Agriculture Western Australia.
6- Awlami, A. (2010). Contribution to the study of the variance of relative water content, vegetation cover temperature, and leaf structure of the third generation F3 of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). Research submitted to obtain a master's degree, Faculty of Science, Farhat Abbas University, Department of Biology, Setif, Algeria.
7- Berger, J., Palta, J., and Vadez, V. (2016). Review: an integrated framework for crop adaptation to dry environments: responses to transient and terminal drought. Plant Scientific, 253: 58–67.
8- Fletcher, A., Lawes, R., and Weeks, C. (2016). Crop area increases drive earlier and dry sowing in Western Australia: implications for farming systems. Crop and Pasture Science, 67(12): 1268-1280.
9- Fletcher, A., and J. Hunt. (2016). Flowering date in Wheat. It is control and influence on yield potential, (GRDC) Grains Research and Development Corporation. Csiro Agriculture.
10- Hunt, J. R., Lilley, J. M., Trevaskis, B., Flohr, B. M., Peake, A., Fletcher, A., and Kirkegaard, J. A. (2019). Early sowing systems can boost Australian wheat yields despite recent climate change. Nature Climate Change, 9 (3): 244-247.
11- Jubail, W. A., and Faleh, F. H. (2014). The effect of different amounts of NPK fertilizer on the growth of cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Al-Muthanna Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2(2): 29-34.
12- Khan, N. U., Ullah, K., Khan, S. J., Khan, I. U., Khan, M. I., Khan, R. U., and Gul, S. (2014). Genetic analysis for grain filling duration in wheat using joint segregation analysis. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 38(6): 807-819.
13- Kirkegaard, J. A., Lilley, J. M., Hunt, J. R., Sprague, S. J., Ytting, N. K., Rasmussen, I. S., and Graham, J. M. (2015). Effect of defoliation by grazing or shoot removal on the root growth of field-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Crop and Pasture Science, 66(4): 249-259.
14- Mohamed, M. A., and R. K. Issa. (2012). Effect of the dates of adding nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and protein yield of five cultivars of soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) College of Agriculture and Forestry - University of Mosul - Research from a master's thesis of the second researcher 6/25/2012.
15- Qaseem, M. F., Qureshi, R., and Shaheen, H. (2019). Effects of pre-anthesis drought, heat and their combination on the growth, yield and physiology of diverse wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes varying in sensitivity to heat and drought stress. Scientific reports, 9(1): 1-12.
16- Richards, R. A. (1996). Defining selection criteria to improve yield under drought. Plant growth regulation, 20(2): 157-166.
17- Sharma, D., and D, Albrecht. (2013). Wheat variety selection for managing exposure of dry sown crops to frost and heat damage at flowering. (GRDC) Grains Research and Development Corporation. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia.
18- Shavrukov, Y., Kurishbayev, A., Jatayev, S., Shvidchenko, V., Zotova, L., Koekemoer, F., ... and Langridge, P. (2017). Early flowering as a drought escape mechanism in plants: how can it aid wheat production?. Frontiers in plant science, 8: 1950.
19- Tahir, S., Ahmad, A., Khaliq, T., and Cheema, M. J. M. (2019). Evaluating the impact of seed rate and sowing dates on wheat productivity in semi-arid environment. Intranational Journal Agricalture Biological, 22(1): 57-64.
20- Trainor, G., Kunesch, C. Z., Curry, J., Shackley, B., and Nicol, D. (2018). Wheat variety sowing guide for Western Australia. (GRDC) bulletin replaces bulletin 4881 October 2018, ISSN: 18337236.
21- Zadoks, J. C., Chang, T. T., and Konzak, C. F. (1974). A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals. Weed research, 14(6): 415-421.
22- Zheng, B., Chenu, K., Fernanda Dreccer, M., and Chapman, S. C. (2012). Breeding for the future: what are the potential impacts of future frost and heat events on sowing and flowering time requirements for A Australian bread wheat (T riticum aestivium) varieties?. Global Change Biology, 18(9): 2899-2914. | ||
Statistics Article View: 256 PDF Download: 269 |