Prevalence of Dyslipidemia and Hypertension in Iraqi Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus | ||
| Al- Anbar Medical Journal | ||
| Article 6, Volume 18, Issue 2, December 2022, Pages 77-81 PDF (288.9 K) | ||
| Document Type: Original articles | ||
| DOI: 10.33091/amj.2022.176311 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Dawood S. Abdoun; Riyadh Adil Al-Rawi; Balsam Yahya Abulmajeed* | ||
| Department of Pediatric, Central Child Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Background: Diabetes is one of the most common non-communicable diseases in the world. It is a chronic disease with multiple complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular disease. Objectives: The study aimed to identify the prevalence of dyslipidemia and hypertension in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in Iraqi adolescents. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted on adolescent patients with T1DM for more than two years and aged 10-18 years old. For each participant, the age, gender, onset and duration of the DM, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level in the blood were recorded Results: Of 70 subjects, there were 42 (60%) girls. The duration of the DM was predominantly between 2-5 years (59%). Around half of the cases were diagnosed between 5 and 10 years. Girls had a significantly higher mean BMI than boys [21.5 kg/m2 for girls and 18.6 kg/m2 for boys (P-value 0.001)]. Seven (10%) patients were diagnosed with hypertension. LDL was high in 22 patients (31%) with the majority of them (15/22) having an LDL value of between 100-130 mg/dL. Most of the participants with a high LDL were girls (18/22) with a statistically significant gender difference (P-value = 0.018). There were significant correlations between high blood pressure and BMI (P-value = 0.004) and elevated LDL levels (P-value = 0.008). Conclusion: The study revealed that hypertension and dyslipidemia were seen in 10% and 31% of children with T1DM respectively. The elevated LDL and BMI were significantly higher in female patients than in males. Besides, there were significant associations between high blood pressure and BMI and elevated LDL levels. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Hypertension; Diabetes Mellitus; Dyslipidemia; Adolescents | ||
| References | ||
|
[1] Y. Mukhtar, A. Galalain, and Ujej. Yunusa, “A modern overview on diabetes mellitus: a chronic endocrine disorder,” Eur. J. Biol., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 1–14, 2020.
[2] W. H. Organization, “Classification of diabetes mellitus,” 2019.
[3] A. J. S. Flatt, C. J. Greenbaum, J. A. M. Shaw, and M. R. Rickels, “Pancreatic islet reserve in type 1 diabetes,” Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 1495, no. 1, pp. 40–54, 2021.
[4] W. H. Abdullah, A. J. Kadhum, and G. A. Baghdadi, “Diabetic nephropathy in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus with vitamin D deficiency and dyslipidemia as associated risk factors,” Med. J. Babylon, vol. 19, no. 2, p. 294, 2022.
[5] K. D. Phadke, P. Goodyer, and M. Bitzan, Manual of pediatric nephrology. Springer, 2014.
[6] B. Vergès, “Dyslipidemia in type 1 diabetes: a masked danger,” Trends Endocrinol. Metab., vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 422–434, 2020.
[7] A. Rawshani et al., “Excess mortality and cardiovascular disease in young adults with type 1 diabetes in relation to age at onset: a nationwide, register-based cohort study,” Lancet, vol. 392, no. 10146, pp. 477–486, 2018.
[8] P. Bjornstad, K. C. Donaghue, and D. M. Maahs, “Macrovascular disease and risk factors in youth with type 1 diabetes: time to be more attentive to treatment?,” lancet diabetes Endocrinol., vol. 6, no. 10, pp. 809–820, 2018.
[9] A. Rawshani et al., “Range of risk factor levels: control, mortality, and cardiovascular outcomes in type 1 diabetes mellitus,” Circulation, vol. 135, no. 16, pp. 1522–1531, 2017.
[10] Y. Wang and H.-J. Chen, “Use of percentiles and z-scores in anthropometry,” in Handbook of anthropometry, Springer, 2012, pp. 29–48.
[11] B. Falkner et al., “The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents,” Pediatrics, vol. 114, no. 2 III, pp. 555–576, 2004.
[12] B. W. McCrindle, “Assessment and management of hypertension in children and adolescents,” Nat. Rev. Cardiol., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 155–163, 2010.
[13] K. M. King, P. J. King, R. Nayar, and S. Wilkes, “Perceptions of adolescent patients of the ‘lived experience’ of type 1 diabetes,” Diabetes Spectr., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 23–35, 2017.
[14] E. García-García, R. Galera, M. Á. Vázquez, and A. Bonillo, “Age of onset of puberty and menarche in type 1 diabetic girls,” Endocrinol. y Nutr. (English Ed., vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 224–228, 2011.
[15] T. Rohrer et al., “Delayed pubertal onset and development in German children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: cross-sectional analysis of recent data from the DPV diabetes documentation and quality management system,” Eur. J. Endocrinol., vol. 157, no. 5, pp. 647–654, 2007.
[16] V. V Khadilkar, L. S. Parthasarathy, B. B. Mallade, A. V Khadilkar, S. A. Chiplonkar, and A. B. Borade, “Growth status of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus,” Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab., vol. 17, no. 6, p. 1057, 2013.
[17] S.-H. Kim et al., “Serum lipid profiles and glycemic control in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus,” Ann. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab., vol. 19, no. 4, p. 191, 2014.
[18] N. Sevaliev, D. Strich, C. Avnon-Ziv, and F. Levy-Khademi, “The metabolic consequences of overweight in a cohort of children with type 1 diabetes,” J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab., vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 715–719, 2019.
[19] B. Zabeen, A. M. Balsa, N. Islam, M. Parveen, J. Nahar, and K. Azad, “Lipid profile in relation to glycemic control in type 1 diabetes children and adolescents in Bangladesh,” Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab., vol. 22, no. 1, p. 89, 2018.
[20] J. Guy et al., “Lipid and lipoprotein profiles in youth with and without type 1 diabetes: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth case-control study,” Diabetes Care, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 416–420, 2009.
[21] L. B. V. Carneiro et al., “Lipid profile of children and adolescents with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus,” Nutr. Clin. Y Diet. Hosp., vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 23–28, 2017.
[22] I. S. FAGHIH, M. Hashemipour, and R. Kelishadi, “Lipid profile of children with type I diabetes compared to controls,” 2006.
[23] N. H. White, “Long-term outcomes in youths with diabetes mellitus,” Pediatr. Clin., vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 889–909, 2015.
[24] A. Dabas, S. Yadav, and V. K. Gupta, “Lipid profile and correlation to cardiac risk factors and cardiovascular function in type 1 adolescent diabetics from a developing country,” Int. J. Pediatr., vol. 2014, 2014. | ||
|
Statistics Article View: 286 PDF Download: 277 |
||