Assessment of Lifestyle Changes among Patients with COVID-19 in Sulaimani City/Iraq | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mosul Journal of Nursing | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Article 10, Volume 10, Issue 2, July 2022, Pages 205-225 PDF (1.21 M) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Document Type: Original Articles | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
DOI: 10.33899/mjn.2022.175438 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Authors | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Zhala Mustafa Abdalla1; hadeel Abdulelah ibrahim2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1BCs. Nursing Shar Hospital-Sulaimani | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2Assist prof / College of medicine-Sulaimani University | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abstract | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Background: COVID19 cause changes in life style of people eg: (eating habits, stress, irritability, physical activity and sleep pattern). So, the aim of this study to assess life style before and during COVID19 virus then compared life style changes between pre and during COVID19 virus. Methodology: This is a cross sectional (descriptive) study, conducted in Ali Naji Clinic Center in Sulaimani City between April.25th,2021 and August.20th,2021. Which include 358 persons that affected with COVID19 virus previously and become healthy at least 2 weeks after the infection. Results: The mean age was (32± 1.12) years, (39.4%) of participants were aged between (29-39) years, more than half of participants female, married, completed high degree of education and governmental employment. (35.4%) of participants had Blood group O. (55.3%) of participants complain from decreased their weight during infection period. Before the coronavirus infection (60.3%) of participants consumed 3-4 meals per day, while during pandemic period; (74.6%) of participants were consumed 1-2 meals per day with (p= 0.02). During pandemic period, the percentage of drinking water increase to drinking ≥8 cups of water (p<0.001). in addition to increased healthy food consumption and decreased consumption of (meat/fish/chicken, bread/rice/pasta, sweets/dessert, salty snacks, coffee/tea and sweetened drinks) compared to pre corona virus infection (p<0.001). Most of the participants had low activity during COVID-19 infection (81.8%) (p= 0.001). Conclusion: COVID19 infection affected on number of meals and food intake negatively. Also, it caused decrease all the types of physical activity. In addition to disturbance in sleep pattern. Key words: COVID19 pandemic, life style changes, descriptive study. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Keywords | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
COVID19 pandemic; life style changes; descriptive study | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Assessment of Lifestyle Changes among Patients with COVID-19 in Sulaimani City/Iraq Zhala Mustafa Abdalla1, Hadeel Abdulelah Ibrahim 2 *
1BCs. Nursing Shar Hospital-Sulaimani 2Assist prof College of medicine-Sulaimani University Corresponding author:Hadeel Abdulelah Ibrahim Email: mailto:hadeel.ibrahim@univsul.edu.iq ABSTRACT Background: COVID19 cause changes in life style of people eg: (eating habits, stress, irritability, physical activity and sleep pattern). So, the aim of this study to assess life style before and during COVID19 virus then compared life style changes between pre and during COVID19 virus. Methodology: This is a cross sectional (descriptive) study, conducted in Ali Naji Clinic Center in Sulaimani City between April.25th,2021 and August.20th,2021. Which include 358 persons that affected with COVID19 virus previously and become healthy at least 2 weeks after the infection. Results: The mean age was (32± 1.12) years, (39.4%) of participants were aged between (29-39) years, more than half of participants female, married, completed high degree of education and governmental employment. (35.4%) of participants had Blood group O. (55.3%) of participants complain from decreased their weight during infection period. Before the coronavirus infection (60.3%) of participants consumed 3-4 meals per day, while during pandemic period; (74.6%) of participants were consumed 1-2 meals per day with (p= 0.02). During pandemic period, the percentage of drinking water increase to drinking ≥8 cups of water (p<0.001). in addition to increased healthy food consumption and decreased consumption of (meat/fish/chicken, bread/rice/pasta, sweets/dessert, salty snacks, coffee/tea and sweetened drinks) compared to pre corona virus infection (p<0.001). Most of the participants had low activity during COVID-19 infection (81.8%) (p= 0.001). Conclusion: COVID19 infection affected on number of meals and food intake negatively. Also, it caused decrease all the types of physical activity. In addition to disturbance in sleep pattern. Key words: COVID19 pandemic, life style changes, descriptive study.
Received: 4 March 2022, Accepted: 13 May 2022, Available online: 21 August 2022
Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first known case was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 (Page et al, 2021). The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), induced by SARS-CoV-2 and firstly reported in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, quickly became an emerging, rapidly evolving situation, spreading inevitably outside China and the Asian continent, and it was declared a pandemic in March 2020 (Jiang et al, 2020). In Iraqi Kurdistan, at the beginning the cases were diagnosed with simple symptoms such as high fever. Later, the severity of the cases was increased and caused 15,577 infections and deaths reached 597, to decrease the spread of the virus and take physical distancing as recommended, the health authorities introduced lockdown at the beginning of March and sporadically in April 2020 and banned social gatherings and meetings except for the urgent requirements (Galali, 2021). COVID-19 is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus strain (Hu et al, 2021). Symptoms of COVID-19 are variable, but often include fever, cough, headache (Islam,2021; Saniasiaya and Islam 2021), fatigue, breathing difficulties, and loss of smell and taste (Agyeman et al, 2020). Symptoms may begin one to fourteen days after exposure to the virus. At least a third of people who are infected do not develop noticeable symptoms (Oran & Topol, 2021). Symptoms of COVID-19 are variable, ranging from mild symptoms to severe illness (Grant et al, 2020). Following the footsteps of the recommendations of the WHO, governments around the globe started implementing isolation, quarantine, social distancing, and community containment at different magnitudes in order to reduce the spread of the virus and lessen its impact on medical resources (Wilder-Smith and Freedman, 2020). In most countries, quarantine and physical distancing were initiated, school closures were mandatory, and large gatherings were canceled (McCloskey and Heymann, 2020). People were forced to stay at home, practice remote working and online learning from home, and adhere with physical distancing (WHO, 2020). However, initiating such sudden changes proposes major modifications in the lifestyle and behaviors of the population. Personal restrictions might lead to physical inactivity especially in courtiers with complete lockdowns, like Jordan (Koh, 2020). Emotional stress and irritability are common psychological impacts during such times of crisis (Zhang et al, 2020). So, the aim of the study was to assess life style before COVID19 virus in addition to assess life style during COVID19 virus then compare life style between pre and during COVID19 virus. Subjects and methods: This is a quantitative design, cross sectional (descriptive) study, had approval from the regional research committee of Sulaimani health administration, and the scientific research committee of the College of Nursing, and ethical committeein medicine college University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani city/ Iraq. 258 persons that affected with COVID19 disease previously and tested in Ali Naji clinic center got a standardized questionnaire. Inclusion criteria: Person ≥18 years old, both genders, willing to participate in this study, can speak Kurdish language. Exclusion criteria: Whom didn’t complete the questionnaire, not affected COVID19 virus or healthy less than 2 weeks. Statistical analysis: Data were organized and coded into computer files by using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) (V20). Data were analyzed through the application of (frequency, percentage, mean with stander deviation, chi-square and p-value).
Results Table (1): Sociodemographic characteristics of study population
The findings in table (1) shows that the questionnaire were completed by 358 participants, the mean age was (32± 1.12) years, the majority of participants (39.4%) were aged between (29-39) years, (57.3%) of participants female, (69%) of them were married and completed high degree of education (62.8%), more than two third of the sample (81.3%) were from urban, half of the sample (50.8%) had governmental employment. During covid 19 pandemic (70.7%) were suspended their work. (35.4%) of participants had Blood group O followed by blood group A (30.5%) then blood group B(25.4%), while the blood group AB had the lowest percentage (8.7%), more than half of participants (55.3%) complain from decreased their weight during COVID 19 infection period.
Table (2): Sources of health and nutrition information during the covid 19 pandemic
The results of table (2) showed that more than half of the participants obtained their health-related information mainly from health authorities followed by health care professionals and social media then followed by friends and family members.
Table (3): Eating habits during the covid19 pandemic
Table (3) revealed that majority of the study population (72.1%) decreased food intake during corona virus pandemic, more than two-third of participants (76.5%) didn’t followed meal plan during the disease, only (23.5% ) used specific meal plan during covid 19, which followed a ketogenic diet/high fat diet (68.6%), most of the participants taking supplements (74.6%) during the disease; the majority of them used vitamin C (83.8) followed by vitamin D (66.8) then multivitamin (63.5%).
Table (4): Comparing eating habits changes (pre and during the pandemic period)
Table (4) showed a decrease in the number of meals consumed per day during the coronavirus pandemic period, before the coronavirus infection (60.3%) of participants consumed 3-4 meals per day, while during pandemic period; (74.6%)of participants were consumed 1-2 meals per day with a significant difference (p= 0.02). Moreover, the percentage of participants skipping meals increased from 41.1% before the pandemic to 64.8% during the pandemic period with a highly significant difference (P< 0.001), especially those with decreasing appetite from (36.6%) pre pandemic to reach (89.3%) during COVID 19 infection with a significant difference (p=0.005). Regarding drinking water; before the coronavirus infection (46.1%) of participants drink 5-7 cups per day while during pandemic period, the percentage of drinking water increase to drinking ≥8 cups of water with a highly significant difference (p<0.001). in addition to decreased smoking to (5.6%) during covid 19 infection with (p<0.001). Also increased healthy food consumption through the covid 19 infection to reach (33.2%) with a highly significant difference (p<0.001).
Table (5): Frequency of consumption for particular food products pre and during corona virus pandemic
Table (5) presents that during covid 19 pandemic period, the participants decreased consumption of (meat/fish/chicken, bread/rice/pasta, sweets/dessert, salty snacks, coffee/tea and sweetened drinks) compared to pre corona virus infection with highly significant difference (p<0.001). While during corona virus, increased consumption of (fruits, vegetables, milk and milk products) compared to pre covid 19 infection with highly significant difference (p<0.001).
Table (6): comparing Physical activity pre and during covid 19
Table (6) revealed that most of the participants had low and moderate activity pre COVID -19 infection (81.8%) and this percentage increased to reach (86.9%) of participants had low physical activity during covid 19 with a highly significant difference (p= 0.001).
Table (7): comparing Stress and irritability pre and during covid19
The results on stress indicate an increase in the percentage of participants reporting physical and emotional exhaustion, irritability, and tension all the time or a large part of the time during the coronavirus pandemic with a highly significant difference (p < 0.001).
Table (8): stress during the corona virus infection
Table (8) presented that 36.3% of participants worried about being infected with corona virus while 79.3% of them worried of family member to be infected with the disease, more than half of participants 53.1% couldn’t maintain their social relationship through phone or video call, 24.6 of persons that participated in this survey have relatives passed away by the covid 19 17% of them is first degree.
Table (9): Comparing sleep pre and during the pandemic
Table (9) illustrated that the percentage of participants who were sleeping less than 7hrs/night increased from 45.5% before the pandemic to 58.1% during the pandemic (p=0.002), the percentages of participants reporting poor sleep quality increased from 6.1% before the pandemic to 57.8% during the pandemic (p=0.04). Moreover, a higher percentage of participants reported slept badly and restlessly during the pandemic 34.4%compared to before 9.2% (p= 0.000). As a result, 71.5% of the participants reported feeling lazy and less energized during the pandemic, compared to only 3.1% before the pandemic (p=0.000).
Discussion The study indicates that the mean age of the participants was 32±1.12, with a highest percentage of age ranged between (29-39) years old which account more than one-third of the sample, which is disagree with other studies conducted by (Husain and Ashkanani., 2020) in Kuwait who found mean age of their participants was (38±12). While in Poland, they found mean age of their participants was (27.9±9) (Sidor and Rzymski., 2020). In this study more than half of the respondents were female which is consistent with finding of the other study done by (Galali., 2021) in kurdistan region who found that (56.6%) of their participants were female and (71.6%) by (Osaili et al., 2020) in MENA region. And in a current study more than two-third of the participants were married which is supported with other studies done by (Husain and Ashkanani., 2020) in Kuwait and (Cheikh Ismail et al., 2020) in Emirates, they found that the majority of their participants were married. This may be due to the COVID19 virus is contagious air way spread for this reason its more in married couple. In the current study the majority of the participants had high education level which is supported with another studies, (Górnicka et al., 2020; B˛ebenek et al., 2020) who found (75.5%) of their studied population held high degree of education. This may be the high degree education had employment and more contact with other people who may be infected with COVID19 virus. In regard to residency more than three quarter of participants were living inside city, which is consistent with other study in Kurdistan by (Galali., 2021) who said most of their respondents were from urban. And this may be urban area more crowded and this is lead to more infection. About half of the studied population in the current study were governmentally employed, this result supported with the other studies conducted in MENA by (Osaili et al., 2020; B˛ebenek et al., 2020) who found that majority of their participants were employed. In the present study about (70.7%) of the participants were suspended their job which is in line with other study conducted by (Górnicka et al., 2020) in Poland who found that (43.2%) of their participants didn’t work at the time of the COVID19 pandemic. In the current study about one-third of the participants blood group were blood group O followed by blood group A, these results agree with a study in Iran conducted by (Abdollahi et al., 2020) who found that (38%) of their participants had blood group O followed by (36%) blood group A. while in Denmark; (Barnkob et al., 2020) revealed that most of their participants had blood group A followed by blood group O. this difference may be related to genetic difference. Regarding to weight and BMI in this study; more than half of the participants have normal weight, this result supported by other studies (Galali., 2021; Sidor and Rzymski., 2020) and (Di Renzo et al., 2020). But disagree with a study in Kuwait by (Husain and Ashkanani, 2020) who revealed that (37.2%) of their participants were overweight. More than half of participants complained from decreased their weight during COVID19 pandemic because they decreased number of meals consumed per day as the result showed and this result disagree with another studies (Cheikh Ismail et al., 2020; B˛ebenek et al., 2020) revealed that (31%) (45.8%) respectively gained weight during the COVID19 disease The results of this study showed that more than half of the participants obtained their health-related information mainly from health authorities followed by health care professionals and social media then followed by friends and family members. And gathered nutrition-related information mainly through television followed by social media then friend and family and healthcare professionals. Oppositely, a study done in Iran reported that 55.3% of surveyed nurses obtained their COVID-19 updates and information from the website of the WHO and the Ministry of Health, followed by 48.2% who relied on social media applications as a main source of information (Nemati et al., 2020). Which a study done in MENA (middle east and north Africa) region, more than (70%) of their participants obtained their health and nutrition information from the social media. During the COVID-19 outbreak, misinformation overload (“infodemic”) has bombarded social media, which might have harmed the mental health of individuals (Cinelli et al., 2020). These differences may be due to public awareness should be raised about reliable sources of information, especially during such crises. In the present study, there were a decrease in the number of meals consumed per day and an increasing in the percentage of skipping meals during the coronavirus pandemic, the cause may be related to decreased appetite because (89.3%) of the participants were lack of appetite but these results disagree with another study conducted by (Osaili et al., 2020) who found an increased in the number of meals consumed per day and a reduction in the percentage of skipping meals during the coronavirus pandemic. (Alkazemi., 2019), consistent with results of current study who found that skipping breakfast was common among participants during COVID19 pandemic, possible explanation for this behavior due to lack of appetite, which supported by (Aldwairji et al., 2018). However, other possible explanations for skipping breakfast during COVID19 include stying up late, which leads to late-night snacking, and oversleeping during the day, as shown in the result. These findings agree with (Okada et al., 2019) who took 19,687 Japanese women that found a significant association between a late dinner or bedtime snack and skipping breakfast. Most of the participants in this study reported drinking more than eight cups of water per day during the coronavirus pandemic, out of which about (33%) reported drinking less than 1 liter per day. These quantities meet the recommended water intake set by the WHO of 2.9 l/d for males and 2.2 l/d for females (Howard et al., 2020). Unfortunately, other study in Italy disagrees with our results, 86.6% of surveyed participants reported drinking less than 2 liters of water per day during coronavirus pandemic and 26.2% consumed less than 1 liter of water per day (Di et al., 2020). These differences may be due to more than two-third of participants complained from fever during COVID19 pandemic. According to Polish recommendations, vitamin D should be supplemented by adults (19- 65years old) (Simonnet et al., 2020). However, in this study (66.8%) of participants applied this recommendation. On the other hand, the number of participants who smoking cigarette decreased from (7.8%) pre COVID19 to (5.6%) during COVID19 pandemic. Which in line with (Galali., 2021; Gülsen et al., 2020) who said the number of smokers who smoked between 5 to 10 cigarettes was reduced. This may be due to raising awareness that the smoking could worsen COVID-19 infections in smokers, another may be the smoker’s fear of the increased risk of respiratory distress and mortality during or from CVID19 (Brake et al., 2020). In the present study during covid 19 pandemic the participants decreased consumption of (meat/fish/chicken, bread/rice/pasta, sweets/dessert, salty snacks, coffee/tea and sweetened drinks) compared to before corona virus infection with the highly significant difference. while during corona virus increased consumption of (fruits, vegetables, milk and milk products) compared to pre covid 19 infection with highly significant difference. Although the consumption of fruits and vegetables is recommended to support the immune system especially during the pandemic Clapp and Moseley.,2020). increased consumption of fruit ≥3/day during COVID19 compared to pre COVID19 pandemic, but still the majority of the participants did not reach the minimum portions of fruits and vegetables recommended by the USDA of 5 portions a day (Cohen et al., 2014). The current results were in line with another studies that reported a low consumption of fruits and vegetables among Kuwaiti adults (Zaghloul et al., 2012). These results are likely related to a lack of awareness of the current recommendation for the consumption of fruits and vegetables. A finding from two cross-sectional questionnaire studies among the UK’s population found an association between low knowledge of details of the 5-a-day recommendation and low consumption of fruits and vegetables (Appleton et al., 2018). In this study decreased consumption of (chicken, meat and fish) during COVID19 which is in consistence with a study reported by (Zhao et al., 2020). This is may be due to decreased their appetite. Also, in these studies, the participants decreased consumption of fat, sugar and salt during COVID19 pandemic because, most of participants obtained their health-related information and nutrition related information from health authorities and television and because of public awareness they followed the global recommendation to reduce the intake of fats, sugar and salt during COVID19 (Clapp and Moseley.,2020)and avoid irregular snacking (Aman and Masood., 2020). While these results disagree with other study conducted by (Husain and Ashkanani., 2020) who found chocolate, nuts and crisps were reported to be the most commonly consumed snacks, and these are loaded with sugar, fat and salt, these differences may be related to geographical distribution and seasonal difference. Related to physical activity(PA), in the present study a decrease in all types of PA (VPA, MPA and walking)during the COVID19 outbreak are consistent with another national survey in Canada, which reported a significant decline in all physical activities in children and adolescents (Moore et al., 2020), the majority of the participants had low physical activity during COVID 19, similar to the findings of (Ammar et al., 2020), these results mostly due to social distancing measures and time spend on sedentary behavior increased and they need for open spaces to be physically active, because the gyms and parks are closed and peoples are stressed, depressed and isolated (Abbas et al., 2020; Burtscher et al., 2020). In regard to stress and irritability the results in this study indicates that the percentage of participants reporting physical and emotional exhaustion, irritability and tension all the time or large part of time increased during the COVID19 pandemic. This results, supported with a study conducted by (Hao et al., 2020) who found that higher levels of depression, anxiety, stress, and PTSD were found in COVID-19 patients than healthy people. In the early days of the pandemic, large parts of society experienced much fear and anxiety (Casagrande et al., 2020) The implementation of the quarantine and isolation policy (lockdown) and the increasing number of cases affect the core of human mental health, including relationships in daily routine activities and adverse psychosocial effects (Li., 2020) The present study found a decrease in sleep hours, more than half of the participants slept less than 7 hours per night, which is disagree with the findings of studies (Di Renzo et al., 2020, Osaili et al., 2020) who reporting increased sleep hours during COVID19 in comparison to before the disease. (57.8%) of the participants in the current study reported poor quality of sleep which is in line with the study conducted in China by (Huang and Zhao., 2020; Stanton et al., 2020) in Australia these decrease in hours of sleep and negative change in sleep quality is due to the stress induced by the threat of COVID19 and decreasing in physical activity. Nearly half of the participants experiencing slept badly and woken up several times, which is in line with other study done by (Osaili et al., 2020) who reported sleep disturbance in over (60%) of their participants. About three-quarter of the participants in this study reported felling lazy during the COVID19 infection, this result supported by the study in Poland by (Górnicka et al., 2020). More than half of the respondents slept after (1am) which is lead to sleep in day time instead of the night, this result agrees with a study conducted by (Husainand and Ashkanani., 2020) in Kuwait who found that (70%) of their participants slept during the day Conclusion The present study demonstrated that COVID19 changes the life style of people in all directions, especially decreased in the number of meals and food intake that related to decrease weight, in addition to towered or directed to drank more water and increased eating healthy food compare to before the disease. Also, corona virus cause persons physical, emotional exhaustion, irritability and tense most the time. And decrease all the types of physical activity (vigorous, moderate and walking). In addition to disturbance in sleep pattern and decrease duration of sleep, time of sleep and the quality of sleep.
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Abbas AM, Fathy SK, Fawzy AT, Salem AS et al. (2020). The mutual effects of COVID-19 and obesity. Obesity medicine, 19, 100250.
Abdollahi A, Mahmoudi-Aliabadi M, Mehrtash, Jafarzadeh B et al. (2020). The Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 Vulnerability Association with ABO/Rh Blood Types. Iranian journal of pathology, 15(3), 156–160.
Agyeman AA, Chin KL, Landersdorfer CB, Liew D et al. (2020). "Smell and Taste Dysfunction in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Mayo Clin. Proc. 95 (8): 1621–1631.
Aldwairji M, Husain W, Al Qaoud N et al. (2018). Breakfast consumption habits and prevalence of overweight and obesity among Kuwaiti adolescents. J Nutr Health Food Eng;8(2), 94-102
Alkazemi D. (2019). Gender differences in weight status, dietary habits, and health attitudes among college students in Kuwait: a cross-sectional study. Nutr Health;25(2):75–84.
Aman F, Masood S. (2020). How Nutrition can help to fight against COVID-19 Pandemic. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 36(COVID19-S4), S121.
Ammar A, Brach M, Trabelsi K, Chtourou H et al. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 home confinement on eating behaviour and physical activity: results of the ECLB-COVID19 international online survey. Nutrients;12(6):1583.
Appleton KM, Krumplevska K, Smith E, Rooney C et al. (2018). Low fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with low knowledge of the details of the 5-a-day fruit and vegetable message in the UK: findings from two cross-sectional questionnaire studies. J Hum Nutr Diet;31(1): 121–30.
Barnkob M B, Pottegård A, Støvring H, Haunstrup T et al. (2020). Reduced prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in ABO blood group O. Blood advances, 4(20), 4990-4993.
Błaszczyk-Bębenek, E, Jagielski P., Bolesławska I, Jagielska A et al. (2020). Nutrition behaviors in Polish adults before and during COVID-19 lockdown. Nutrients, 12(10), 3084.
Brake SJ, Barnsley K, Lu W, McAlinden KD et al. (2020). Smoking upregulates angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptor: a potential adhesion site for novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19). J Clin Med ;9:841.
Burtscher J, Burtscher M, Millet GP (2020) (Indoor) isolation, stress and physical inactivity: vicious circles accelerated by Covid‐19? Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 30(8),1544-1545
Casagrande M, Favieri F, Tambelli R, Forte G et al. (2020). The enemy who sealed the world: effects quarantine due to the COVID-19 on sleep quality, anxiety, and psychological distress in the Italian population. Sleep Med, 75:12–20.
Cheikh Ismail L, Osaili TM, Mohamad MN, Al Marzouqi A et al. (2020). Eating habits and lifestyle during COVID-19 lockdown in the United Arab Emirates: a cross-sectional study. Nutrients, 12(11), 3314.
Cinelli M, Quattrociocchi W, Galeazzi A, Valensise CM et al. (2020). The COVID-19 social media infodemic. Scientific reports, 10(1), 1-10.
Clapp J, Moseley WG. (2020). This food crisis is different: COVID-19 and the fragility of the neoliberal food security order. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 47(7), 1393-1417.
Cohen J F, Richardson S, Parker E, Catalano et al. (2014). Impact of the new US Department of Agriculture school meal standards on food selection, consumption, and waste. American journal of preventive medicine, 46(4), 388-394.
Di Renzo L, Gualtieri P, Pivari F, Soldati L et al. (2020). Eating habits and lifestyle changes during COVID-19 lockdown: an Italian survey. Journal of translational medicine, 18(1), 1-15.
Galali Y. (2021). The impact of COVID‐19 confinement on the eating habits and lifestyle changes: A cross sectional study. Food Science & Nutrition, 9(4), 2105-2113.
Górnicka M, Drywień ME, Zielinska MA, Hamulka J. (2020). Dietary and lifestyle changes during COVID-19 and the subsequent lockdowns among Polish adults: a cross-sectional online survey PLifeCOVID-19 study. Nutrients, 12(8), 2324.
Grant MC, Geoghegan L, Arbyn M, Mohammed Z et al. (2020). "The prevalence of symptoms in 24,410 adults infected by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 148 studies from 9 countries". PLOS ONE. 15 (6): e0234765.
Gülsen A, Yigitbas BA, Uslu B, Dromann D et al. (2020). The effect of smoking on COVID-19 symptom severity: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Pulmonary Medicine, 2020
Hao F, Tam W, Hu X, Tan W et al. (2020). A quantitative and qualitative study on the neuropsychiatric sequelae of acutely ill COVID-19 inpatients in isolation facilities. Translational psychiatry, 10(1), 355.
Howard G, Bartram J, Williams A, Overbo A, Geere J A, & World Health Organization. (2020). Domestic water quantity, service level and health.
Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, Shi ZL et al. (2021). "Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 19 (3): 141–154.
Huang Y, Zhao N (2020) Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry research, 288, 112954.
Husain W, Ashkanani F. (2020). Does COVID-19 change dietary habits and lifestyle behaviours in Kuwait: a community-based cross-sectional study. Environmental health and preventive medicine, 25(1), 1-13.
Islam MA. (2021). "Prevalence and characteristics of fever in adult and pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 17515 patients". PLOS ONE. 16 (4): e0249788.
Islam MA. (2020). "Prevalence of Headache in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 14,275 Patients". Frontiers in Neurology. 11: 562634.
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