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ANATOMICAL ,HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL
STUDY OF THE PROVENTRICULUS OF COMMON
MOORHEN (GALLINULA CHLOROPUS)
Eman Sami Jassem Adel J. Hussein Alaa A. Sawad
Department of Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of Basrah, Basrah ,Iraq.
(Received 23 November 2015 , Accepted 28 December 2015)
Key words: Proventriculus, Common Moorhens, Anatomy.
ABSTRACT
The present work is designed to anatomical, histological and histochemical study
of the proventriculus of common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus). Thirty adult
common moorhen which obtained from a commercial market of (Al Basra city) were
used in this study, and the work conducted at veterinary medicine collage –university
of Basra. The anatomical study revealed that the proventriculus of common moorhen
was tubular in shape with average mean of its length and width (20.00±.7906
mm),(10.48±.1.53194mm) respectively. The internal surface of the proventriculus
was smooth and raising no papilla. The proventriculus connect with esophagus
cranially and with muscular stomach caudally, It lies essentially in the vertical plane.
The histological study showed that the proventriculus of common moorhen consist of
four tunics (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa and serosa).The mucosal layer of
characterized by branched longitudinal folds (villi) lined by simple columnar
epithelium, the sub mucosal layers manifested by presence of compound tubular
glands which was arranged in pyramidal or conical shape (adenomere), while
muscularis externa consist of two layers longitudinal inner and outer layer was
circular. The tunica serosa composed of loose connective tissue covered by
mesothelum. The statistic analysis revealed that the average lengths of villi and
adenomere were (74.50 ±14.72mm), ( 107.63±45.81mm) respectively, while the
average width of villi, tunica sub mucosa, adenomere, muscularis externa and serosa
were (8.75±2.36 mm), (143.12±30.37mm), (85.62±54.76mm), (22.12±6.29mm),
(2.50±.00mm) respectively. The histochemical study of proventriculus showed that
the carbohydrate have positive reaction with shiff reagent in the surface epithelium
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sub mucosal glands, tunica muscularis and serosa. While the glycogen granules
distributed in the epithelium, around the sub mucosal glands and in tunica muscularis.
INTRODUCTION
The stomach of birds anatomically composed of two chambers: a cranial
chamber (proventriculus) which connect to the esophagus and caudal chamber
(ventriculus) which connect with duodenum (1). The glandular stomach in chicken
characterized by spindle shape which arises directly without any demarcation line
from esophagus, while its separated from gizzard by intermediate zone (isthmus) (2).
The internal surface of the proventriculus showed raised papillae, over its entire
surface (3).These papilla secrete the digestive juices, which consist of a mixture of
digestive enzymes, hydrochloric acid and mucine (4). The tunica mucosa of
proventriculus represented by folds lined by simple columnar epithelium (5). Lamina
propria of the proventriculus is typical and contains simple tubular glands and
lymphatic tissue (6).The tunica sub mucosa having the great thickness which consist
of sub mucosal glands (adenomeres), these glands were simple tubular to simple
branched tubular glands (7). The muscularis externa of the proventriculus consists of
inner longitudinal and outer circular layers of smooth muscles fibers, followed by
tunica serosa which composed of connective tissue covered with mesothelum (8). The
moorhens are water birds of a size like that of small duck, they live on the riversides,
water shelves and among the river plants like reeds and characterized by a red or
white color in their foreheads (9). The moorhens are present in the Arab homeland,
where they present in morocco , Egypt, sham and extend east to Iraq and Arab gulf till
the frontiers of Iran and middle of Asia and most the European countries (10).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Thirty adult common moorhen (G.chloropus), which obtained from a
commercial market in (Al Basra city) were used in this study. After total anesthesia by
inhalation of chloroform, making longitudinal incision at the midventral surface and
heart puncture to insure complete bleeding occur the gastrointestinal tract were
removed from esophagus to the vent. Ten birds of common moorhen fixed in 4%
formalin for general internal and external feature of proventeiculus and study the
length and width of this organ by using vernia. For histological and histochemical
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study the gastro intestinal tract are carefully dissection and the proventriculus
removed and fixed in 10 % formalin (11), then dehydrated with series concentration
of ethyl alcohol (70%, 90%, 100%, 100%) and embedded in paraffin wax, then
sectioned by rotary microtome to 5-6 micrometers, the histological sections then
stained with hematoxylin and eosin and special stains (Van Gesion, Masson trichrom,
Best Carmin and PAS). (12).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The anatomical study revealed that the stomach of common moorhen was
divided in to two parts, glandular compartment or (proventriculus) and muscular
compartment (ventriculus ), these two compartment separated from each other by
inter mediate zone (isthmus) (Fig.1). The results was agreement with (13) in domestic
birds, and (14) in sea gulls, and disagree with (15) who reported that the stomach of
birds consists of three compartments; proventricular, ventricular and pyloric part. The
proventriculus of common moorhen was tubular in shape, with average length and
width (20.00±.7906mm),(10.48±.1.53194mm) respectively. The glandular stomach
was connect cranially by esophagus with no demarcation except in diameter between
these two organs ,this finding was similar with (2) and disagree with (16) in duck who
revealed that the demarcation by different in the color (the esophagus was whitish
while the proventriculus was light brown). The internal surface of proventriculus
common moorhen was smooth and having no papilla this result was agreed with (16)
in duck and disagree with (17,18) (Fig.1).The proventriculus connect with esophagus
cranially and with muscular stomach caudally, It lies essentially in the vertical plane,
the left surfaces of the glandular stomach is close to the left lobe of liver, while the
right side of provenrticulus attached to spleen, the cranial part of the of the dorsal
surface of proventriculus separated from the ventral surface of the lung by cranial
thoracic air sac. The caudal part of the dorsal surface was separated from the ovary by
left abdominal air sac. these results agree with (16) in duck and Pigeon. The
histological result of the proventriculus of common moorhen showed that the its
consist of four main tunic (tunica mucosa ,tunica sub mucosa ,tunica muscularis and
tunica serosa), this results in agreement with (19).
Tunica mucosa
The tunica mucosa of proventriculus composed of folds which varied in its heights
that’ match with (20) in quail. These folds was branched this results in agreement with
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(21) in burrowing owl. The tunica mucosa consist of three layers (epithelium, lamina
propria and muscularis mucosa) (Fig. 2), the similar finding recorded by (22) in
chicken. The average length and widths of villi was (74.50 ±14.72mm),(8.75±
2.36mm) respectively, while the mean of the thickness of the tunica mucosa was
(83.50± 14.27mm).
Epithelium
The tunica mucosa was lined by simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells in
agreement with (23).
Lamina propria
The lamina propria extend to the center of the mucosal folds as a core of
connective tissue, contain blood and lymphatic vessels and numerous superficial
glands, these glands was simple tubular founded in the base of the villi (Fig.2) in
agreement with (24).
Muscularis mucosa
The muscularis mucosa, consist of single layer of smooth muscle fibers between
lamina propria and sub mucosa (Fig.2) in agreement with (23).
Tunica sub mucosa:
The sub mucosa had greatest thickness of proventriculus wall (143.12±30.37mm).
Sub mucosa consist of tubule alveolar glands, which called the deep gastric glands,
the same results was found by (25) in partridge. These glands arranged as pyramidal
shape named adenomere, which separated from each other by thin areolar connective
tissue in agreements with (16) in duck and Pigeon. It is lined by cuboidal to low
columnar cells, these adenomeres was elongated with mean of width and length
( 85.62± 54.76mm), (107.63±45.81mm) respectively .
Tunica muscularis
The tunica muscularis had two layers of smooth muscles, inner was thick and
arranged in longitudinal manner while the outer was thin and arranged in circular
manner, this results was agreed with (16) in duck and pigeon, and disagree with (8)
who revealed that the tunica muscularis of fowl composed of three layers of smooth
muscle, inner and outer layers was arranged longitudinally while middle was circular.
The average mean of tunica muscularis thickness is (22.12±6.29mm).
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Tunica serosa
This tunica consists of connective tissue rich in blood vessels, nerve plexus,and
adipose tissue covered by mesothelium (Fig.2 ), the same results was found by
(8).The average thickness of this tunica (2.50± .00mm ).
The histochemical study revealed that the poly saccharid had positive reaction to
shiff reagent (when the section stain with P.A.S stain) in the surface epithelium, sub
mucosal glands, muscularis externa and serosa that’s agree with (15) in fowl, while
the section which stain with best carmine showed that the distribution of glycogen
granules in the epithelium and surrounding the glands and tunica muscularis also in
tunica serosa (Fig.3) these results in agreement with (26).
Figure (1)The anatomical structures of the stomach of common moorhens showing
A- Dorsal surface of the stomach of common moorhen: proventriculus (P), isthmus
(IS), light muscle (LM), dark muscles (DM).
B- Internal surface of stomach : proventriculus (P), isthmus (IS), gizzard (G).
P
A
LM
DM
IS
P
G
IS
B
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Figure (2): Cross section of proventriculus of commo
A- Epithelum (EP), villi ( V), proventriculus glands( PG)
externa (ME ), serosa (SE). (H&E stain4x).
B- Muscularis mucosa (MM), proventriculus gland (PG)
muscularis externa (ME) ( Masson trichrom stain4X)
C- The distribution of collagen fibers in: lamina proprea (LP), connective tissue(CT ),
blood vessel (BV), muscularis externa (ME), serosa (SE)
ME LU
PG
SE
B
CT
PG
ME
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common moorhens showing
PG), lumen (LU ), muscularis
PG), connective tissue(CT)
stain4X).
(Van Gieson stain
EP
V
ME
BV
CT
MM LP
CT),
ieson 4X).
C
A
EP
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Figure (3). Cross section of proventriculus of common moorhens showing
A- The distribution of glycogen granules in : tunica mucosa (TM), proventriculus glands
(PG), mscularis externa (ME) ( Best carmine stain 4x).
B- The distribution of poly saccharid in tunica mucosa (TM) ,proventriculus glands (PG),
connective tissue (CT) , muscularis externa (ME) .( PAS stain 4x).
PG
TM B
ME
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دراسةتشریحیة،نسجیة، وکیمیاء نسجیة للمعدة الغدیة لدجاج الماء
إیمان سامی جاسم* عادل جبار حسین * علاء عبد الخالق السواد*
فرع التشریح والأنسجة،کلیة الطب البیطری، جامعة البصرة، العراق
الخلاصة
صمم ھذا العمل للدراسة التشریحیة والنسیجیة والکیمیاء نسیجیة للمعدة الغدیة فی دجاج الماء.استخدمت ثلاثون
طیر من دجاج الماء التی ابتاعت من سوق المحلی فی محافظة البصرة وتم العمل فی مختبرات الطب البیطری
جامعة ألبصرة.أظھرت الدراسة التشریحیة إن المعدة ألغدیھ لدجاج الماء تکون أنبوبیة الشکل بمعدل طول
20.00±.7906 )على التوالی. یکون السطح الداخلی للمعدة الغدیھ mm),(10.48±.1.53194mm) وعرض
أملس ولا یحتوی على بروزات. تتصل المعدة الحقیقیة مع المریء أمامیا ومع المعدة العضلیة خلفیا. بینت
الدراسة النسجیة إن المعدة الغدیة تکونت من أربعة طبقات (المخاطیة، تحت المخاطیة، العضلیة
الخارجیة،والمصلیة) تمیزت الطبقة المخاطیة للمعدة الحقیقیة بوجود طیات طولیة متفرعة (الزغابات) تبطن
بظھارة عمودیة بسیطة أما الطبقة تحت المخاطیة فتمیزت بوجود غدد نبیبیة مرکبة تعرف بالغدد تحت المخاطیة
تترتب بشکل مخروطی أو ھرمی. تتألف الطبقة العضلیة من طبقتین من العضلات الملساء داخلیة طولیة
وخارجیة دائریة. تلیھا الطبقة المصلیة المؤلفة من نسیج ضام رخو. أظھرت نتائج التحلیل الإحصائی ان معدل
74.50 ) على التوالی بینما بلغ ±14.72mm) ,(107.63±45.81mm) طول الزغابات والغدد تحت المخاطیة
معدل عرض کل من الزغابات، الطبقة تحت المخاطیھ ،والغدد تحت المخاطیة،والطبقة العضلیة والطبقة
،(22.12±6.29mm) ،( 85.62±54.76mm)، (143.12±30.37mm )،(8.75± 2.36mm) المصلیة
2.50±.00 ) على التوالی. أظھرت الدراسة الکیمیاء نسجیة إن الکاربوھیدرات تتفاعل ایجابیا مع عامل mm)
شیف فی الطبقة الطلائیة والطبقة تحت المخاطیة والطبقة العضلیة والمصلیة بینما حبیبات الکلایکوجین تتوزع
فی الطبقة الطلائیة وحول الغدد والطبقة العضلیة .
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