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STUDY THE EFFECT OF GROUND OLIVE LEAVES IN TWO LEVELS ON SEXUAL
HORMONES LEVELS IN MALES RABBITS
Ahmed M.M. Zakri* , Naseir M.Badawi**, Nuha K. Khalil***,
Dhia A. Al-Khayat****
* ****Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of veterinary
medicine,University of Baghdad,Baghdad,Iraq
** Department Internal and Preventive Veterinary Medicine. College of veterinary
Medicine,University of Baghdad,Baghdad,Iraq
***Zoonotic diseases Unit , College of veterinary Medicine,University of
Baghdad,Baghdad,Iraq
(Received 4 May2016,Accepted 18June 2016)
Keyword: Male Rabbits , Olive leaves, hormones
ABSTRACT
The present research was designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of two
different levels of Ground Olive leaves (5% and 10 %) in diet on levels of reproductive
hormones like Testosterone , Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing
Hormone (LH) in male rabbits, twenty one male rabbits with body weight average 1-
1.4 Kg and 4.5-5 months age have been bought from the local markets and they
divided randomly to three similar groups and fed on concentrate pellets diets with
green roughage , the male Rabbits have been divided in 7 animals /group with equal
weights. The 1st group (T1) control group was offered tap water and fed concentrate
pellets without ground olive leaves , The 2nd one (T2)(5% Ground Olive leaves / diet)
offered tap water and fed concentrate pellets with 5% Ground Olive leaves /diet , while
the 3rd one(T3)(10% ground Olive leaves)offered tap water and fed concentrate pellets
with 10% ground olive leaves /diet and the nutrition were been continuedalong 8
weeks . In this study we measured the role of use ground Olive leaves in rabbits male
diet on levels of hormones like testosterone, FSH,LH in blood along the period of
experiment.
The results showed decrease in Testosterone level in serum significantly
(P<0.05) while a significant increase (P<0.05)in LH level occur and there is account
differences in FSH level that produced from pituitary gland.We concluded that the use
of ground Olive leaves have impact on fertility of rabbits males throughit'sdisruption in
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biosynthesis or intervention with production of hormones in genital system of Rabbits
male.
INTRODUCTION
The successful and complete reproductive functions are depending on the
balanced of endocrine hormone produced by hypothalamus ,pituitary gland , testis .
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRh) produced by the hypothalamus
triggers the release of gonadotrophins i.e FSH(Follicular stimulating hormone ) and
LH(Luteinizing hormone) from pituitary gland (1), LH stimulates the production of
Testosterone hormone fromleydig cells in testis while FSH connects with receptors in
the sertoli cells and stimulates spermatogenesis (2)LH is controlled through the
production ofGnRh and also through the feedback effects of steroids (1,3).
Testosterone is a steroid hormone from androgen group , morphologically and
physiologically testosterone act development of genital system of rabbits males and
secondary sexual characteristics and spermatogenesis (4).
Testosterone is mainly produce by leydig cells of the testis and fewer extent in
kidney , liver , adrenal cortex(5), Oleuropeinis one of the important polyphenols where
the olive leaves are richest source of them compare with other parts of olive tree , as
per kilogram of Olive leaves include 2 gm of Oleuropein(6) , the previous studies
refers to the role of Olive leaves in reduction of Cholesterol level in blood (7)which is
important for synthesis of sextual hormones especially Testosterone hormone because
the cholesterol considered as the precursor for Testosterone production through it's
action on leydig cells (8,9)the aims of this study was the important of use Ground
Olive leaves on reproduction and hormone production in Rabbits males .
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The research conducted in animal house / veterinary med.college /university of
Baghdad were used 21 male Rabbits , rate weight 1-1.4 Kg with age of 4.5-5 months ,
they were purchased from local Market and put in metal cages , rabbits were fed on
concentration food(pellets) , in addition to providing green diet , they have been
divided into 3 groups.The 1st group(T1)control group which beengiven water and
intensive feed – free of ground Olive leaves , 2nd group(T2)(5% Olive leaves /diet)by
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mixing 50gm of ground Olive leaves with 1 Kg of pellets (concentrated feed), and the
3rd one (T3)(10% Ground Olive leaves )were they mixed 100 gm of Ground Olive
leaves with 1 kgof Pellets (concentrated feed).
The Ground Olive leaves were air dried then milled using electric grinding
machine to make powder which was mixed with wet pellets (maceratedin
water)tomake paste which waswell mixed and placed in electric meat grinding machine
to produce a new pellets mixed with ground Olive leaf .The manufactured feed pellets
were mixed with powder of Olive leaves as follow: 50 gm of Ground Olive leaves
were mixed with 1 kg of concentrated pellets/ group of (5% Olive leaves /diet) and
100 gm of Ground olive leaves with 1 kg of concentrated Pellets /group of (10% Olive
leaves /diet) . Animals were weighted at each week end in the morning and before
submission of the diet .
The technique of Enzyme – Linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) was used to
determine the levels of each Testosterone ,LH and FSH in serum specimens, the
ELISA kits were supplied from Biocheck , Inc.(10,11,12).
Statistic :
SAS software used as a statistical analysis of the data has been compare the significant
differences between the averages by less significant difference test LSD (Least
significant differences) (13).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (1) showed a significant diminution in Testosterone hormone concentration
in (T2,T3) groups compare with (T1)at a long time of experimental period .
The most important polyphenols exist in Olive leaves structure called
(Oleuropein )in which the leavesconsider a rich originof this material in compare with
rest parts of Olive tree ,The Oleuropein have inhibitory or block effect on enzymes that
related with Testosterone biosynthesis.Polyphenol substance causes decreased
cholesterol absorption and increase its excretion in fecal, polyphenols had a beneficial
action on enzymes involved in cholesterol metabolism (14).The Oleuropein have an
inhibitory action on 17-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme this enzyme act to
convert Androstendione in Leydig cell to Testosterone (15)and lack of 5-α-reductase
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enzyme whichconvert Testosterone to the active phase of testosterone hormonein
muscle called "DHT" Di hydro Testosterone (16).
The studies refers that the Olive leaves reduce Cholesterol(7)which is important
for synthesis of sextual hormones especially Testosterone hormone because the
cholesterol considered as important precursor for Testosterone composition through it's
action on leydig cells (8,9)Cholesterol is a lipid soluble and mostly located associated
with external Mitochondria membrane in the Leydig cell , the diversion of Cholesterol
to steroids hormone occur in internal mitochondrial membrane of Leydig cell (7)the
rate limiting step in this process is the transport of free Cholesterol from the Leydig
cell cytoplasm into their Mitochondria , this step is carried out by steroidogenic acute
regulatory protein called " STAR" (17).in other studies they notice the diameter and
thickness of seminiferous tubules will decrease significantly in animal handled with
Olive leaves which contain polyphenols in their structure this decrement may be
belonged to the reduction in testosterone hormone concentration similar reported
(18,19).
Table (1): The Testosterone levels in male Rabbits blood (ng/ml)
Weeks T1(Control) T2(5%Olive) T3(10%Olive)
o-time 0.92±0.17A 0.96±0.12A 0.93±0.13A
w1 1.69±0.25A 0.87±0.96B 0.27±0.12C
w2 1.66±0.15A 0.37±0.89B 0.25±0.29B
w3 1.74±0.07A 0.43±0.89B 0.53±0.24B
w4 1.10±0.10A 0.47±0.82B 0.30±0.24B
w5 2.30±0.65A 0.43±0.13B 0.43±0.67B
w6 1.57±0.10A 0.10±0.00B 0.53±0.23B
w7 1.29±0.36A 0.33±0.03B 0.47±0.27B
LSD 0.8874* 0.2714 N.S 0.5093 N.S
* (P<0.05) , NS: Non-significant.
The results showed in table(2)that there is a significant increase LH level in
blood (T2,T3)groups as compare to (T1) a long time of the experiment
period.Hormonal response play a important action in mediating the physiological and
behavioral processes that influence animal fertility (20,21)much focus is on the
hormone that secrets reproductive axis how they regulated the secreted the brain and
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pituitary coordinate and provide central drive to the reproductive axis through life(22) ,
the region of the brain that involved in the regulation of reproductive function and
many of body's basic homeostatic function in the hypothalamus decrease the firing of
testosterone hormone from Leydig cell lead to GnRhactivation of pituitary LH and
FSH (23)in this present study , serum testosterone showed a significant
(P<0.05)decrease in the groups (T2,T3)which have Olive leaves in their
diet.Luteinizing hormone (LH) is produced by gonadotrophic cells in the anterior
pituitary gland in Rabbits male , theneurons of the hypothalamus compose and
secretegonadotropin-releasing hormone, which induces the production andsecretion of
LH from the pituitary gland. LH causes the composition of testosterone in the Leydig
cells of the testis, when testosterone decrease in serum it will causefeedback reaction
on hormones release from the hypothalamus and pituitary (24).
Table (2): The Luteinizing hormone levels (LH) in blood of male Rabbits(ng/ml)
Weeks T1(Control) T2(5%Olive) T3(10%Olive)
O-time 1.75±0.24A 1.76±0.29A 2.11±0.36A
w1 1.07±0.67B 2.59±0.35A 2.77±0.30A
w2 1.5±0.31B 3.47±0.50A 2.96±0.22A
w3 1.59±0.33B 3.32±0.18A 3.37±0.24A
w4 1.33±0.33B 3.22±0.42A 4.08±0.32A
w5 1.40±0.25B 3.64±0.30A 3.26±0.21A
w6 1.37±0.32B 2.93±0.50A 2.93±0.22A
w7 1.63±0.32B 3.00±0.00A 3.31±0.18A
LSD 0.8374 1.0483 * 0.7924*
* (P<0.05) , NS: Non-significant.
The results showed in Table(3)there is slightly elevation in Follicular stimulating
hormone (FSH)level in all groups a long the period of experiment (T1,T2,T3) this
hormone is synthesized from pituitary gland after the secretion of Gonadotropic
releasing hormone from Hypothalamus when Testosterone level become low and this
hormone is responsible for spermatogenesis(25).This hormone regulates function of
Sertoli cells including increasing the production of androgen binding protein and
necessary for normal spermatogenesis and sperm maturation. , important factor in the
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initiation and continue of spermatogenesis(26,27) improvement in sperm motility may
had been brought about by increasing intercellular cAMP, which is known as a very
activet factor in stimulating sperm motility (28).
Table (3): The Follicular stimulating hormone FSH levels in bloodof male
Rabbits(ng/ml).
Weeks
T1(Control) T2(5%Olive) T3(10%Olive)
o-time 2.77±0.42A 2.44±0.38A 2.24±0.88A
w1 3.29±0.15A 3.41±0.29A 3.83±0.17A
w2 3.46±0.64A 3.37±0.34A 3.41±0.52A
w3 3.27±0.63A 3.19±0.16A 3.80±0.12A
w4 3.33±0.29A 3.53±0.53A 4.33±0.09A
w5 3.48±0.62A 3.62±0.22A 3.34±0.45A
w6 3.47±0.33A 3.66±0.38A 3.29±0.24A
w7 3.46±0.38A 4.04±0.22A 3.07±0.55A
LSD 1.3897* 0.9239* 0.9962*
* (P<0.05)
تاثیر استخدام مستویین من اوراق الزیتون المطحونة فی مستوى الھرمونات الجنسیة فی ذکور
الارانب
أحمد محمد محمد زکری*، نصیر محمد بدوی** ،نھى خلف خلیل***
ضیاء عبد الامیر الخیاط****
* ****فرع الصحة العامة البیطریة ،کلیة الطب البیطری،جامعة بغداد ،بغداد ، العراق.
**فرع الطب الباطنی والوقائی ، کلیة الطب البیطری،جامعة بغداد ،بغداد ، العراق.
***وحدة الامراض المشترکة ، کلیة الطب البیطری،جامعة بغداد ،بغداد ، العراق.
الخلاصة
١٠ %فی غذاءالارانب) على مستوى الھرمونات مثل ، % تم قیاس تاثیراستخدام اوراق الزیتون المطحونة( ٥
التستوستیرون والھرمون اللوتینی وھرمون المحرض فی الدم فی ذکور الارانب . احدى وعشرون من ذکور
1.4 کغم وبعمر 4.5 شھرتم شراؤھا من السوق المحلی وقسمت عشوائیا الى ثلاثة مجامیع - الارانب وبوزن ١
متساویة وغذیت على العلف المرکز البلت والعلف الاخضر الجت وبواقع ٧ حیوانات للمجموعة
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الواحدة.المجموعة الاولى (المعاملة ١) معاملة السیطرة قدم لھا الماء والعلف المرکز بدون اوراق الزیتون
٥% اوراق الزیتون المطحونة / غذاء ) قدم لھا الماء وغذیت على ) ( المطحونة ، المجموعة الثانیة (المعاملة ٢
١٠ % اوراق الزیتون المطحونة / غذاء ) قدم ( غذاء حاوی على ٥% منھ اوراق الزیتون المطحونة و(المعاملة ٣
لھا الماء وغذیت على غذاء حاوی على ١٠ % منھ اوراق الزیتون المطحونة واستمرت التغذیة ل ٨ اسابیع .
فی مستوى التستوستیرون فی الدم فی حین لوحظ ارتفاع ( P< النتائج اشارت الى انخفاض معنوی ( 0.05
معنوی فی مستوى الھرمون اللوتینی وایضا ارتفاع حسابی فی مستوى الھرمون المحرض المفرز من الغدة
النخامیة .نستنتج ان استخدام اوراق الزیتون المطحونة لھا تاثیر سلبی على خصوبة ذکور الارانب من خلال عمل
اضطراب فی بناء والتداخل فی انتاج الھرمونات فی الجھاز التناسلی فی ذکور الارانب .
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