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Bas.J.Vet.Res.Vol.19, No.2, 2020.
EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY AND COLOR IN SOME
PRODUCTIVE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS OF JAPANESE
QUAIL
Sabah K. M. Al-hummod
Department Of Animal Production, College Of Agriculture, University Of Basrah,
Basrah, Iraq
(Received 27 August 2020, Accepted 25 september 2020)
Keywords: quail, intensity, performance.
Corresponding author: abbassabah1964@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to investigate the potential effect of white, red and
green color light and two light intensity 5 and 10 lux to each color treatment light on
Japanese quail bird’s production performance and some physiological traits. One
hundred and eighty, one day old Japanese quail birds were randomly assigned into
three color light with 5 and 10 lux light intensity per treatment each treatment contain
3 replicate (10 birds /cage). Result showed that the birds reared under the influence of
green color were significantly (p<0.05) improve body weight, weight gain, feed
conversion ratio, relative weight of testes, ovaries, oviduct, male L.H, F.S.H and
testosterone hormones also female L.H, F.S.H and estrogen. Sexual maturity for
males and females significantly (p<0.05) increased by white color
treatment.Treatments of birds raised under the influence of 10 lux light intensity
significantly (p<0.05) increased body weight, weight gain and the average levels of
hormones L.H, F.S.H, testosterone for males and L.H, F.S.H, estrogen for females.
Green color light with 5 and 10 lux intensity color significantly (p<0.05) increased the
relative weight of ovary and oviduct.
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INTRODUCTION
Light is a type of energy, it is a part of a radial spectrum, which appease at a
wavelength between (350-800). Birds sense light through their eyes (retinal
photoreceptors) and through photosensitive cells in the brain (extra-retinal
photoreceptors) (1).The brightness of light is referred to as light intensity. Brightness
is defined as the quantity of luminance falling on a unit area of a surface and is
measured in units of lux, equivalent to lumens per square meter (2).
The photosynthetic stimulation through special receptors in the hypothalamus
region were sensitive to light directly through the skull, stimulating gonadotropin
hormones production.That hormones stimulates the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
to produce F.S.H and L.H (3).
Light is a major environmental factor in poultry production and its important
in illustrated by its direct impact on growth and production (4). Alighting programs
designed to reach the best productivity standard for poultry (5). The short
wavelengths colors had a better effect in obtaining growth rate for quail birds
compared with long wavelength colors (6).
The green color stimulated growth in early growth period, while blue color
stimulates growth in the late period, and the blue and green colors had a significant
increase in body weight and weight gain because the increase in satellite cell in
skeletal muscles during the early days of life periods (7,8). Lighting intensity is
expressed by the light brightness, which is the amount of light that spread and fill the
unit area (9).
The light intensity is an important factor in poultry breeding birds. The
intensity illumination (5 or100) lux had no effect on feed consumption and early
growth of chickens (10), the birds reared under high light (50, 200) lux intensity can
contributed to better health and given a greater opportunities for more normal
behavioral rhythmus than 5 lux intensity color (11). Broilers reared under high (180
lux) intensity light were also found to be more active than the broilers reared under
low (6 lux) intensity light (12).
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Bas.J.Vet.Res.Vol.19, No.2, 2020.
Therefore the present study aimed to know the effect of white, red and green
color, and lighting color intensity on productive performance and some physiological
characteristics of the Japanese Quail.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was conducted at quail filed, Agriculture College, Basra
university during the period from 15/1/2018 to 26/2/2018. One hundred and eighty,
one-day-old quail birds were housed to 42 days of age in battery units. The birds were
randomly distributed into three treatments color light (white, red and green), with two
color intensities (5 and 10) lux per treatment. Sixty birds per treatment were divided
into six cages (10 birds/ cage), three of these cages had 5 lux and the other 10 lux
intensity color light. The quail birds were received starter diet from one to 21 days of
age and then switched to grower diet from 22-42 days of age. The diet were
formulated according to (13) table (1).
Weekly live body weights were individually recorded for each bird and the
average live body weights and weekly body weight gains were calculated for each
replicate and treatment during the six weeks experimental period. Cumulative feed
consumption, feed conversion efficiency were also recorded weekly for each
replicate. At the end of six weeks six birds (3 male and 3 female) from each replicate
were taken randomly and slaughtered. The weight of right and left testes were taken
from the male, and the weight of ovaries and egg oviduct were taken from the
females, then the relative weight for testes, ovaries and oviduct were calculated by
divided the weight of each tract to body weight of bird.
Blood serum samples were collected from the male and female for measuring
the levels of both the FSH, LH and testosterone hormone in the male, FSH, LH and
estrogen hormone in the female serum.These hormones were determined using ready
kits supplied by German company, and using the Elisa technique type Mindray MR-
96A.
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Table 1: The proportions of fodder materials included in the composition of the two feeds
used in the experiment with the chemical composition calculated for them.
Growth forage (22-42 day)
%
Starter forage (1-21 day)
Forage %
Yellow corn 50 53
Wheat bran 8 4
The soybean gain is 28 28
44% protein
Concentrated Protein 10 8
(1)
Soy oil 1 3
Vitamin and mineral 0. 5 0.5
mixture
Salt 0.5 0.5
limestone 2 3
Computerized chemical composition(2)
Crude protein (%) 23.02 21.69
Representative energy 21918.5 3095.8
(kilograms / kg)
Crude fat (%) 2.06 4
Crude Fiber (%) 2.75 3.24
Lysine (%) (2) 1.42 1.00
Methionine 0.60 0.48
Methionine + cysteine 0.93 0.77
(%)
Calcium (%) 0.80 1.05
Phosphorus (%) 0.37 0.52
(1) The Proveime protein concentrated imported from the Jordanian FAPCO company containing
50% crude protein, 2200 kilograms / kg, 3% lysine, 2.5% methionine + cysteine, 8% calcium
and 3% phosphorous.
(2) The chemical composition reported according to the analysis of feedstuffs mentioned in (13).
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The study data were analyzed using the completely randomized design (CRD),
using the ready program (14), and to test the significance differences between the
studied averages ales significant difference test (LSD) was used at a significant level
(p<0.0).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 2 shows that the quail birds reared under the influence of green color
light had a higher significantly (p<0.05) body weight and weight gain (237.50 and
229.26 ) g respectively at 42 days, while the birds treated with white color light
recorded the lowest significantly (p<0.05) (209.9 and 201.50) g respectively.
These result were agreed (15,16), who reported that the green color treatments
had the highest body weight and weight gain. The overall 10 lux intensity light in all
color had a higher significantly (p<0.05) body weight and weight gain (226.05 and
217.82) g as compared with 5 lux intensity (220.42 and 212.20) g respectively. there
was a linear increased in body weight and weight gain when the intensity color raised
from 0.1 to 10 lux(17).
Feed conversion efficiency at green color had improved significantly (p<0.05)
as compared with white color (2.75 and 3.16) g/g respectively, there was no
interference between color light and intensity in body weight, weight gain, feed
consumption and feed conversion efficiency,This result was agreed with(18).
Overall mortality percentage result showed there was no significant value
between the treatments of color intensity, color light and their interaction. This result
was consistent with the findings of (2,18,19) who did not notice any significant
differences in the percentage of mortality under the effect of color and light intensity.
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Table 2: Effect of color and Lighting intensity on some productive characteristics of
Japanese quail at the age of 42 days
Color
lighting
Primary
Weight
(g)
Final
weight
(g)
Weight
gain (g)
Feed
intake (g)
Feed
conversion
efficiency
(gm
feed/gm
increase in
weight)
Mortality
rate (%)
White 8.200 209.708c 201.508c 636.788 3.160c 8.333
Red 8.240 222.508b 214.268b 614.488 2.870b 5.000
green 8.237 237.502a 229.265a 630.797 2.752a 6.667
SEM 0.058 0.627 0.629 9.016 0.016 3.043
Light intensity (LUX)
5 8.224 220.429b 212.204b 618.547 2.922 5.556
10 8.227 226.050a 217.823a 636.169 2.932 7.778
SEM 0.047 0.130 0.513 7.361 0.013 2.485
Color lighting × Lighting intensity
White x 5 8.200 209.500b 201.300b 627.060 3.113c 6.667
White x 10 8.200 209.917b 201.717b 646.517 3.207c 10.000
Red x 5 8.197 216.180b 207.983b 606.390 2.917b 6.667
Red x 10 8.283 228.837a 220.553a 622.587 2.823ab 3.333
Green x 5 8.277 235.607a 227.330a 622.190 2.737a 3.333
Green x 10 8.197 239.397a 231.200a 639.403 2.767a 10.000
SEM 0.082 0.887 0.889 12.750 0.022 4.303
P Value
Color
lighting 0.865 0.000 0.000 0.235 0.000 0.746
Lighting
intensity 0.974 0.000 0.000 0.116 0.596 0.539
Color light
x Light
intensity
0.609 0.000 0.000 0.991 0.000 0.516
Vertically different letters: means that there are significant differences between the averages of the
treatments. SEM: standard error of the mean.
Table 3 indicated that green color treatment was significantly (p<0.05)
increased the relative weight of left and right testes (1.39 and 1.38) % respectively,
while the white color light recorded the lowest (1.29 and 1.23) % respectively. The
reason for the high testes weights may be attributed in males treated the green color
light to the high testosterone levels in the serums blood, which was shown in table 5.
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Table 3: Effect of color and intensity of illumination on the relative weights of
testes, ovaries and egg ducts of Japanese quail at the age of 45 days
Color Lighting
Left
testis
relative
weight
(%)
Right testis
relative
weight (%)
The relative
weight of the
ovary (%)
Relative weight
oviduct (%)
White 1.297c 1.233c 2.868b 3.547b
Red 1.323b 1.278b 2.907b 3.747a
green 1.395a a٣٥٧1. 3.255a 3.763a
SEM 0.010 0.007 0.042 0.044
Light intensity (LUX)
5 1.324b 1.273b 2.976 3.620b
10 1.352a 1.306a 3.044 3.751a
SEM 0.006 0.006 0.034 0.036
Color lighting × Lighting intensity
White x 5 1.290b 1.233b 2.837 3.530
White x 10 1.303b 1.233b 2.900 3.563
Red x 5 1.290b 1.240b 2.877 3.653
Red x 10 1.357a 1.317a 2.937 3.840
Green x 5 1.393a 1.347a 3.213 3.677
Green x 10 1.397a 1.367a 3.297 3.850
SEM 0.010 0.010 0.060 0.062
P Value
Color Lighting 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.008
Lighting
intensity
0.005 0.002 0.182 0.024
Color light x
Light intensity
0.015 0.007 0.978 0.420
Vertically different letters: means that there are significant differences between the averages of the
treatments. SEM: standard error of the mean.
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There was a positive correlation coefficient between the size of testes to body
weight size and testosterone levels. The overall 10 lux intensity color light treatments
recorded the highest values of the relative weight to the left and right testes (1.35 and
1.30) % as compared with 5 lux intensity (1.32 and 1.27) % respectively(20). These
result were consistent with (21), who explained that the high levels of lighting
intensity stimulate the growth of testes in male japonica quail. The Green color light
with 5 and 10 lux intensity color were indicated a high significantly affect (p<0.05) at
ovary and oviduct relative weights (3.25 and 3.76) as compared with white color at 5
and 10 lux intensity (2.86 and 3.54) respectively. These results were agreed with (22).
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Table 4: effect of the color and intensity of light in the age and weight of sexual
puberty of male and female Japanese quail
Color Lighting Age of sexual puberty Weight of sexual puberty
M F M F
White 33.27a 44.67a 139.79 206.84
Red 32.14b 43.00b 137.89 206.84
green 30.82c 41.33c 136.56 209.55
SEM 0.338 0.360 4.180 1.958
Light intensity (LUX)
5 32.66a 43.56a 138.73 206.07
10 31.49b 42.44b 137.41 209.53
SEM 0.276 0.208 3.413 1.599
Color lighting × Lighting intensity
White x 5 33.80 45.33 140.38 203.08
White x 10 32.73 44.00 139.19 210.61
Red x 5 32.87 43.33 138.70 205.41
Red x 10 31.41 42.67 137.08 208.61
Green x 5 31.31 42.00 137.10 209.72
Green x 10 30.33 40.67 135.95 209.38
SEM 0.338 0.360 5.912 1.958
P Value
Color Lighting 0.000 0.000 0.859 0.335
Lighting intensity 0.001 0.003 0.789 0.051
Color light x Light
intensity
0.757 0.579.0 0.805 0.174
Vertically different letters: means that there are significant differences between the averages of the
treatments. SEM: standard error of the mean
Table 4 indicated the effect of color light and intensity to the age and body
weight of sexual maturity for male and female quail birds. It was recorded that the
white light color deleted significantly (p<0.05) the sexual age for the males and
females (33.27 and 44.67) days respectively, while the puberty at green color light
was (30.82 and 41.3) days.
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The reason for the early age of sexual puberty for males managed under green
color light may be due to the high relative weight of testes of these males, according
to the high testosterone levels occurs. (23).
There was appositive correlation factor between the testosterone level and the
size of testes and the processes of puberty sexual male quail. The cause of the early
sexual maturity for the females reared under green color light may be due to the
increase in the ovaries by responsibility to estrogen hormone that works on the
positive reverse feedback of the pituitary gland causing increase secretion of hormone
L.H which plays an important role in ovulation (24).
High intensity and the interference between light color and the intensity had
significantly (p<0.05) effect on age and sexual puberty between white and green
color.(25) reported the acceleration in the age of sexual puberty when birds reared
under the light intensity from 3 to 35 lux.
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Table 5: Effect of color and intensity of light in the concentration of hormones (LH,
FSH, Testosterone, Estrogen) in the blood serum of male and female
Japanese quail.
Color
Lighting
Male Female
LH
(IU/L)
FSH
(IU/L)
Testosterone
(ng.ml)
LH
(IU/L)
FSH
(IU/L)
Estrogen
(pg.ml)
White 1.782b 1.667b 2.943b 3.795b 4.913c 158.968c
Red 1.917ab 1.770a 3.130a 4.145b 5.095b 172.655b
green 2.025a 1.780a 3.200a 4.383a 5.245a 179.092a
SEM 0.045 0.029 0.056 0.041 0.048 2.007
Light intensity (LUX)
5 1.806b 1.673b 2.943b 3.983b 4.893b 166.440b
10 2.010a 1.804a 3.239a 4.232a 5.276a 174.037a
SEM 0.037 0.024 0.046 0.033 0.039 1.639
Color lighting × Light intensity
White x 5 1.760 1.643 2.880 3.750 4.813 155.653
White x 10 1.803 1.690 3.007 3.840 5.013 162.283
Red x 5 1.800 1.700 2.950 3.967 4.860 168.333
Red x 10 2.033 1.840 3.310 4.323 5.330 176.977
Green x 5 1.857 1.677 3.000 4.233 5.007 175.333
Green x 10 2.193 1.883 3.400 4.533 5.483 182.850
SEM 0.064 0.041 0.079 0.058 0.068 2.839
P Value
Color
Lighting
0.008 0.030 0.019 0.000 0.001 0.000
Lighting
intensity
0.002 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.007
Color light
x Light
intensity
0.104 0.186 0.218 0.092 0.109 0.939
Vertically different letters: means that there are significant differences between the averages of the
treatments. SEM: standard error of the mean
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When quail birds treated with green light and light intensity as showed in table
(5), a significant (p<0.05) increase in the levels of testosterone, estrogen, F.S.H and
L.H in males and females of serum blood were recorded. The reason of the high
testosterone level in male serum may be attributed to the effect of green light which
was stimulated the growth of testicles leading to the high relative weight and size of
these birds. There was a positive correlation between the weight of testes and the level
of testosterone hormone (26), and also a relationship between gonad size and both of
testosterone and L.H formation (27,28).
The reason to the high level of estrogen in blood serum of female under green
light treatment may be due to ovarian stimulation (22), which ameliorated the high
level of gonadotropins hormones F.S.H and L.H and it was in agreement with the
result of current study. It helps to raise the levels of ovarian hormones, especially
estrogen and progesterone, which are responsible for the process of growth,
development and maintenance of the oviduct to stimulate estrogen hormone in
females lead to high level of L.H hormone in blood serum.
This given an assumption of relationship between estrogen and L.H as shown
in table (5), while it indicated a significant (p<0.05) superiority in the mean level of
testosterone, estrogen, F.S.H and L.H in the serum blood of male and female quail
birds treated under the influence of 10 lux compared to 5 lux treatments.These results
were confirmed by (25) who explained that the L.H increased significantly (p<0.05)in
the blood serum of Japanese quail females exposed to high levels of light intensity
compared to low levels.
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تأثیر شدة ولون الإضاءة فی بعض الصفات الإنتاجیة والفسلجیة لطائر السمان الیابانی
صباح کاظم مرزوق الحمود
قسم الثروه الحیوانیھ ، کلیة الزراعھ ، جامعھ البصره ، البصره ، العراق.
الخلاصة
أجریت الدراسة الحالیة بھدف معرفة تأثیر لون وشدة الاضاءة فی بعض الصفات الانتاجیة والفسلجیة
لطیور السمان الیابانی، اُستخدم ١٨٠ طائر بعمر یوم واحد، وُزعت عشوائیاً على ثلاثة معاملات تجریبیة
( وبواقع ٦٠ طائر کل معاملة تمثل لون اضاءة وداخل کل معاملة تربى الطیور بشدتین ضوئیة ( ٥ و ١٠
لوکس لکل منھا ثلاثة مکررات ولکل مکرر ١٠ طائر، اظھرت نتائج الدراسة تفوقاً معنویاً فی معدل وزن
الجسم الحی والزیادة الوزنیة لمعاملة الطیور التی ربیت تحت تأثیر اللون الأخضر فضلاً عن التحسن
المعنوی فی معامل التحویل الغذائی على باقی معاملات التجربة. وأظھرت النتائج تفوقاً معنویاً فی الاوزان
النسبیة لخصى ومبایض وقناة البیض لمعاملة الطیور التی ربیت تحت تأثیر اللون الأخضر مقارنة مع باقی
معاملات الدراسة، واشارت النتائج الى ارتفاعاً معنویاً فی العمر عند البلوغ الجنسی لذکور واناث معاملة
اللون الأبیض على باقی معاملات التجربة. وأظھرت النتائج تفوق معاملة الإضاءة باللون الأخضر فی
للإناث على Estrogen ، LH، FSH للذکور و Testosterone ،FSH ،LH معدل ترکیز الھرمونات
بقیة المعاملات وتفوقت معاملة الطیور التی ربیت تحت تأثیر شدة الإضاءة ١٠ لوکس فی معدل وزن
الجسم الحی والزیادة الوزنیة بینما سجلت معاملة الطیور التی ربیت تحت تأثیر شدة الإضاءة ٥ لوکس
تفوقاً معنویاً فی العمر عند البلوغ ، واظھرت النتائج تفوق معنوی للطیور المرباة تحت تأثیر شدة الإضاءة
Estrogen، LH،FSH للذکور و Testosterone، FSH،LH ١٠ لوکس فی معدل ترکیز الھرمونات
للإناث على معاملة ٥لوکس. واظھرت النتائج تفوقا معنویاً فی معدل الوزن الحی والزیادة الوزنیة
والاوزان النسبیة لخصى ومبایض وقناة البیض لمجامیع الطیور التی ربیت تحت تأثیر الضوء الأخضر
وشدة الإضاءة ١٠ لوکس فضلاً عن التحسن المعنوی لطیور ھذه المعاملة فی معامل التحویل الغذائی، مع
انعدام التأثیر المعنوی للتداخل بین لون وشدة الإضاءة فی ومعدل استھلاک العلف ونسبة الھلاکات الکلیة
والعمر والوزن عند البلوغ ومعدل ترکیز الھرمونات لذکور واناث السمان. یمکن الاستنتاج من خلال
الدراسة الحالیة تحسن الاداء الانتاجی لطیور السمان الیابانی عند تربیتھا تحت تأثیر الضوء الأخضر وشدة
اضاءة ١٠ لوکس فضلاً عن تحسن ادائھا الفسلجی.
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