Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.17, No.3,2018
Proceeding of 6th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
575
EFFECT OF CHLORINATED WATER AND IT'S DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS
(DBPS) IN SOME HYGIENIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL
TRAITS OF MALE RABBITS
Drgham. H.Y.Al- Zwean
Department of Veterinary public Health ,College of Veterinary Medicine ,University of
Baghdad ,Baghdad,Iraq
Keywords: Chlorine, DBPs, hygienic , rabbits, stress
Corresponding Author: drg.la1960@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
The study was performed to find out the effect of chlorine and disinfection byproducts(
DBPs) of chlorinated water in some hygienic and Physiological traits of male
rabbits, this experiment was accomplished in animal research farm / Veterinary Medicine
College, Baghdad University from 20th November 2017 up to 20th January 2018.Twentyeight
male rabbits were used at age of 3 month and randomly distributed equally in four
groups(seven male) per group, body weight was considered as the following: First
group(chlorine free water) as a control group, second group (tap water), third
group(chlorine 3ppm), fourth group(chlorine 5ppm).All groups were daily fed on
concentrated diet(pellet 75gm/ head), Alfalfa and specific water for each group were
offered freely. Blood samples were collected and serum samples were obtained at biweekly
intervals to measurement the hemoglobin concentration(Hb), Packed Cell Volume(PCV),
malondialdehyde(MDA), glutathione, total protein, transaminase enzyme(AST,ALT),
alkaline phosphate, bilirubin to detect hygienic and Physiological traits. Data were
statistically analyzed, the results of this study revealed the significant (P<0.05) and
nonsignificant differences in some hygienic and Physiological traits among groups of
different periods. Accordingly, it could be concluded from this study the effect of chlorine
and it's disinfection by-products(DBPs) of chlorinated water lead to many changes in some
hygienic and Physiological traits in male rabbits compare with tap water , so that water
quality had direct effect on hygienic and productive performance of the animals.
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.17, No.3,2018
Proceeding of 6th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
576
INTRODUCTION
The water is considered an a necessary nutrient to fulfill many vital functions and
productivity performance, likewise which involved in all fundamental physiological
processes that occurring in the animal body and is a midst in which all reactions and
transmission of nutrients, hormones, waste products, also support in motion of food
meanwhile the gastrointestinal tract, too is a prime ingredient of body fluids systems[1,2,3].
The substantial component of ecosystem is a water, it's preferable quality qualified by
physical, chemical and biological characteristic, also it's very remarkable at compare to
other nutrients, on account of used in considerable great quantities, thus water availability
and quality are so important to animals validity and productivity [4, 5, 6]. Abbreviate water
availability to livestock will minimize production rapidly and badly, also bad quality
drinking water predominatingly a factor restrict intake, considering that water is consumed
in large quantities, if the quality is bad there is an rise risk that water contaminants could
reach a level that may be deleterious[4 ,7 ,8], therefore water for livestock should be analyzed
periodically[6], Ruling to promote bad quality fountain water for livestock drinking water by
using water treatment devices, drinking water is disinfected to inactivate pathogens,
chlorination is extremely widespread form of disinfection, while UV light and ozone also
utilized around world plant [9,10]. Chlorine is closely utilized as disinfectant of drinking
water due to it's efficacy, likewise so it reacts with naturalistic organic materials of water
leading to create deleterious noxious and complex compounds which know as disinfection
by- products (DBPs), in addition the practicable up shot of (DBPs) on health, productive,
and reproductive outcomes in animals[11,12], as an examples of those compounds
Trihalomethans, Trichloromethans (chloroform), Bromodichloromethan,
Bromochloromethans (Bromoform), Haloacetic acid and more than 700 types[13,14,15] which
found it's high toxic health, Physiological effects and many cancers[11,13,15,16], also the
Trihalomethans and Haloacetic acid, those found in most common form of disinfection byproducts
in water , else whose concentrations were measured in some countries of the
world periodically in water appliances for citizens , also it's used as useful evidence to find
out the levels of disinfection by- products in treated water by chlorine and their noticeable
adverse effects to function of body systems[14]. Accordingly , this experiment was
conducted to evaluation the effect of chlorine and it's by- products in some hygienic and
Physiological traits of male rabbits.
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.17, No.3,2018
Proceeding of 6th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
577
MATERIALS AND METHODS
1- Experiment location:
The experiment was complished in animals research farm- Veterinary Medicine College
– Baghdad University lasted from 20th November 2017 up to 20th January 2018 to estimate
the effect of chlorinated water and it's Disinfection by – products(DBPs) in some hygienic
and Physiological traits of male rabbits.
2- Experimental design and animals nutrition:
Males rabbits at number and age of twenty- eight, 3 month were checked to verify their
health and preventive remedy versus external and internal parasites (Ectopor, Ivermectine,
Albendazol, Coccidastop) after create aplace for accommodation the animals left 3 weeks
for adaptation, body weight was considered in divisive , also all groups animals fed
concentrated diet pellets 75gm/head according to feed requirements of american research
council[17], alfalfa and treated water offered freely , also animals arranged into four
groups(7 each) as followings first group drinking chlorine free water as a negative control,
second drinking tap water (chlorine estimated at rate 0.05 ppm/L) as appositive control ,
third(chlorine 3ppm/L water) (distilled water treated with chlorine), fourth(chlorine 5
ppm/L water).
3- Blood samples, traits and physiological assay:
Blood samples were taken biweekly by direct from the heart, serum obtained for blood
traits and Physiological analysis that which included hemoglobin(Hb), packed cell
volume(PCV) total protein by using spectrophotometric method and Haematocrite value
according[18,19,20,21], malondialdehyde(MDA), glutathione by using (ELISA) according [22],
also by using Reflotron apparatus to measurement transaminase enzymes (AST,ALT),
alkaline phosphate and bilirubin levels by commercially available kits[20,21,24].
4- Chemical implementation:
Chlorinated water at concentration (3ppm/L and 5 ppm/L) prepared previously before each
use for animals groups were treated with chlorinated water [23]. Tap water quality criteria
investigate to assessment the liberated chlorine levels as(ppm/L) by gathering samples of
water and using pocket digital colorimeter that analysis water samples for liberated chlorine
by following the instruction of using, likewise the device is modern technology with high
Aqua tabs:1 tab/20L of water(Irland made) Ministry of Health / Iraq
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.17, No.3,2018
Proceeding of 6th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
578
sensitivity about range from 0.01 up to 1.00 ppm/L[25], also the disinfection by- products
(DBPs) (Trihalomethanes) in tap and treated water measaured by using (HPLC) high
performance liquid chromatography technique according[26,27].
5- Statistical analysis:-
The outcomes data were analyzed as a Complete Randomized Design(4 treatment) (CRD) ,
Least significant differences (LSD) was utilized to reveal the significant differences
amongst different groups means at (P<0.05) level[28].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect of different processing in some blood traits:
1) Blood hemoglobin (Hb)g/dl
The outcomes be visible significant (p<0.05) differences among the treated groups at
different periods. The tap water group(2nd) exhibited significantly (p<0.05) higer estimates
(17.33 0.04) than other groups in blood hemoglobin(table1), while the chlorine free water
group (1st ) share out the second group in recording higher significant differences (14.43
0.41), at same time the chlorine 3ppm, 5ppm water groups (3rd,4th ) showed a gradual
decreasing viz significantly lower during experiment pheriods (11.80 0.49) (11.04 0.81)
respectively and in particular at the end of experiment.
2) Paked Cell Volume (PCV%)
The same tendency exhibited in PCV values as in the Hb (table2) , the second group
exhibited significant (p<0.05) higher estimates (42.89 0.69) than other groups, while the
first group share out the second group in recording higher differences (39.03 0.75), while
the third and fourth group exhibited a gradual decreasing viz significantly lower throughout
experiment periods (30.04 0.55)(29.54 0.75) respectively and in particular at the end of
experiment.
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.17, No.3,2018
Proceeding of 6th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
579
Table 1: Effect of treated water in hemoglobin concentration (Hb)(g/dl) of male rabbits (means ± SE)
Period
Biweekly
Treated
groups
Adaptation
Period
1st
period
2nd
period
3rd
period
4th
period
Chlorine free water
1st group
B
13.72±0.73
A
14.95±0.51
B
15.07±0.91
B
14.11±0.88
B
14.43±0.41
Tap water
2nd group
A
14.01±0.12
A
15.22±0.29
A
16.41±0.87
A
16.32±0.03
A
17.33±0.04
Chlorine 3ppm
water
3rd group
A
14.90±0.55
B
13.75±0.03
BC
12.83±0.46
C
12.02±0.57
C
11.80±0.49
Chlorine 5ppm
water
4th group
B
13.95±0.37
C
13.05±0.88
C
12.01±0.35
C
11.71±0.49
C
11.04±0.81
Different capital letters vertically indicate significantly different results (p<0.05)
Table 2: Effect of treated water in blood packed cell volume (pcv%) of male rabbits ( means ± SE)
Period
Biweekly
Treated
groups
Adaptation
Period
1st
period
2nd
period
3rd
period
4th
period
Chlorine free water
1st group
A
35.41±0.47
A
35.89±0.61
AB
36.74±0.83
AB
37.72±1.01
B
39.03±0.75
Tap water
2nd group
A
35.91±1.00
A
37.13±0.81
A
38.97±0.93
A
41.49±0.88
A
42.89±0.69
Chlorine 3ppm
water
3rd group
A
35.78±0.13
B
34.92±0.79
B
33.39±0.25
B
31.98±0.62
C
30.04±0.55
Chlorine 5ppm
water
4th group
A
35.83±1.09
B
34.01±0.89
B
32.47±0.56
C
30.17±0.58
C
29.54±0.76
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.17, No.3,2018
Proceeding of 6th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
580
Different capital letters vertically indicate significantly different results (p<0.05)
The gradually increased in estimates of blood traits Hb and PCV table (1,2) in the treated
groups particularly second group could be attributed to the concentration of chlorine in
water of this group within the allowable percentages at treated water lead up to provide a
hygienic environment in the digestive tract of animals, also this will lead to rising the
absorption of nutrients in the intestine, as another it’s resulted more metabolic activation in
animal and stimulate erytheocytes synthesis due to synthesis of the erythropoietin in
haemopoitic tissue of bone marrow, this outcomes agreed with result obtained by some
researches[1,29,30,31,32]. On the other hand, the decline in those components mostly in the
third, fourth groups could be attributed to the high portions of chlorine and it’s disinfection
by- products (DBPs) due to disinfection the water by chlorine and overlapping or
suppression the excretion of erythropoietin hormone from the kidney and with a low
portions from the liver, which the first and most responsible for synthesis of erythrocytes
from bone marrow, and therefore lowering in Hb, PCV estimates, due to the most organs
are exposed to the effect of disinfection by- products (DBPs) are kidney and liver, likewise
may be at the brain level and it’s toxicity effects in addition to the stress caused by (DBPs)
on all body, but perhaps the effects exceed to level of cell, or may be exceed in toxicity and
effect on cell genome, this a greed and comfirmed with [33,34,35], also the reduction in blood
component may be attributed to (DBPs) and it’s effect in some enzymes related with RBC
synthesis and therefore effect in age of RBC and increase it fragility exposing RBC to
hemolysis, therefore causing anemia, also the interaction of (DBPs) with the action of
enzymes result from oxidative stress which caused by (DBPs) and the RBC more exposed
free radicals (ROS) causing oxidative destruction to walls of RBS through a great series of
hemolytic disorders in RBC, this comfirmed and agreed with [33] especially in third and
fourth groups (3ppm, 5ppm) respectively [33,35]
Effect of different processing in some oxidative stress traits:
Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration (nmol/ml3):
The outcomes mentioned significant (p<0.05) differences among the treated groups at
different periods. The third (chlorine 3ppm), fourth (5ppm) groups exhibited significantly
(p<0.05) higher estimates (1.06±0.01) (1.09±0.03) respectively than first and second groups
in (MDA) concentration (table 3), while the first, second groups exhibited significantly
lower than third and fourth groups espically at the end of experiment.
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.17, No.3,2018
Proceeding of 6th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
581
Glutathione Concentration ng/ml3:
Table (4) mentioned the third and fourth groups exhibited significantly (p<0.05) higher
estimates in glutathione concentration than first and second groups (0.27±0.02) (0.30±0.03)
respectively especially at adaptation periods, but at the end of experiment the third and
fourth groups recorded significantly lower than first and second groups , at the same time
the first and especially second groups recorded significantly(p<0.05) higher estimates(
0.31±0.05) (0.29±0.06) respectively than other groups.
Table 3: Effect of treated water in Malondildehyde (MDA) concentration nmol/ml3 of
Male Rabbits (means ±SE)
Different capital vertically indicate significantly different result (p<0.05)
Period
Biweekly
Treated
groups
Adaptation
Period
1st
period
2nd
period
3rd
period
4th
period
Chlorine free water
1st group
A
0.61±0.03
A
0.82±0.01
B
0.78±0.02
B
0.82±0.03
B
0.85±0.01
Tap water 2nd group C
0.55±0.02
B
0.79±0.01
C
0.76±0.02
C
0.78±0.01
C
0.81±0.02
Chlorine 3ppm water
3rd group
B
0.59±0.01
B
0.75±0.02
A
0.91±0.01
A
0.96±0.02
A
1.06±0.01
Chlorine5ppm water
4th group
B
0.59±0.03
A
0.83±0.02
A
0.92±0.01
A
1.05±0.02
A
1.09±0.03
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.17, No.3,2018
Proceeding of 6th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
582
Table 4: Effect of treated water in Glutathione concentration ng/ml3 of Male Rabbits
(means ±SE)
Different capital letters vertically indicate significantly different results (p<0.05)
The outcomes of this study(Table 3) revealed significantly (p<0.05) higher in
malondialdehyde concentration espically in male rabbit serum that treated water at
contrition (3ppm, 5ppm)(3rd ,4th groups) compaird with another groups could be attributed
to the portability of (DBPs) to activating the oxidation and producing the free radicals and
increasing fat peroxidation leading to oxidative stress, therefore increasing
malondialdehyde concentration as a important production of peroxidation, this outcomes
agreed with [33, 36], also several studies have indicated to direct relation between oxidative
stress while exposed and taking DBPs for long – term and it’s toxic effect [12, 37, 38], likewise
the higher outcomes of MDA could be attributed to the DBPs and it’s effect, activating to
enzymes that in change of unsaturated fatty acid oxidation, which lead to producing
hydrogen peroxide and therefore disorder in balance between production of free radicals
and antioxidant defenses which caused tissues damage and increased MDA production,
while any higher record in MDA level in groups that treated with free chlorine water and
tap water on this animals didn’t exposed to any oxidative stress during experiment periods
[30, 31, 39] As for glutation (table 4) and when the first, second groups recorded significantly
(p<0.05) higher estimates than other groups epically at end of experiment it could be
attributed to animals of those groups under this treatment and approved chlorine
Period
Biweekly
Treated
groups
Adaptation
Period
1st
period
2nd
period
3rd
period
4th
period
Chlorine free
water 1st group
D
0.23±0.02
B
0.25±0.03
B
0.27±0.02
B
0.28±0.01
B
0.29±0.06
Tap water 2nd
group
C
0.25±0.01
A
0.27±0.03
A
0.28±0.07
A
0.29±0.05
A
0.31±0.05
Chlorine 3ppm
water 3rd group
B
0.27±0.02
C
0.24±0.07
D
0.23±0.04
C
0.20±0.05
C
0.19±0.03
Chlorine 5ppm
water 4th group
A
0.30±0.03
A
0.27±0.04
C
0.24±0.03
D
0.21±0.01
D
0.18±0.02
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.17, No.3,2018
Proceeding of 6th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
583
concentration may enjoyed good health and wasn’t exposed to any oxidative stress which
causes decline in glutation level, while the reduction in gluation epically in 3rd , 4th groups
could be attributed to the excess of chlorine and (DBPs) level in water, those are considered
more toxic, gangerous pollutants and stressers, likewise as a result of stress and producing
of ROS and free radicals (Reactive Oxygen Spicies) which those depleted the glutation as a
antioxidant, or may be this DBPs had high affinity with active groups of enzymes and
defeating it’s effectiveness [11,33,40,41,42,43]
Effect of different processing in some Physiological traits and enzymes activity (liver
function):
Total protein concentration gm /dl :
The outcomes mentioned (table 5), the first and second groups had significantly (p<0.05)
higher values than other groups espically at the begining of experiment, also it’s adjective
from the outcomes of second groups that the total protein concentration seems to increased
and recording significantly (p<0.05) higher than all groups at the end of experiment (6.82±
0.02), also the trend of total protein concentration seems to decreased in 3rd, 4th groups until
end of experiment.
Table 5: Effect of treated water in total protein concentration g/dl of Male Rabbits
(means ± SE)
Different capital letters vertically indicate significantly different results (p<0.05)
Period
Biweekly
Treated
groups
Adaptation
Period
1st
period
2nd
period
3rd
period
4th
period
Chlorine free
water 1st group
A
5.71±0.01
A
5.90±0.02
A
5.83±0.01
AB
5.89±0.01
B
5.03±0.01
Tap water
2nd group
AB
5.49±0.03
A
5.79±0.01
A
5.99±0.02
A
6.09±0.03
A
6.82±0.02
Chlorine3ppm
water 3rd group
B
5.01±0.02
AB
5.03±0.01
B
4.91±0.02
B
4.70±0.02
B
4.12±0.03
Chlorine5ppm
water
4th group
A
5.85±0.02
AB
5.07±0.01
AB
5.01±0.02
C
4.31±0.02
C
3.91±0.01
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.17, No.3,2018
Proceeding of 6th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
584
The gradually decreased in total protein concentration in 3rd, 4th groups treated with water
contain high concentration of chlorine and DBPs (table 5) it may be attributed to the toxic
effect of this by- products on protein manufacturer hepatic cell, therefore impact the total
protein concentration, viz decrease in protein synthesis and increase catabolism of protein,
also through the oxidative stress and hepatic injury induced by this by- products, similar
results were agreed and confirmed by some researches [44.45], while the progressively
increased in outcomes of total protein espically in 1st , 2nd groups wheatear at adaptation up
to end of experiment could be mentioned to the role of chorine as a disinfectant in approved
percentage at tap water could be promote body health systems and body organs like liver
which is considered one of the vital organs in the body and it’s role in protein synthesis
components [46, 47] , likewise the decrease in total protein concentration could be attributed
to attachment of the DBPs with some minerals that connection with some proteins that
responsible about detoxification in liver and this may be impact enzymes in change of
synthesis of proteins in liver [44, 48].
[2] Aspartate transaminase (AST) IU/L [3] Alanine transaminase (ALT) IU/L
[4] Alkaline phosphate (ALP) enzyme IU/L [5] Bilirubin concentration (mm/dI)
The third (chlorine 3ppm) and fourth (chlorine 5ppm) groups exhibited significantly (p<
0.05) higher outcomes than the first(chlorine free water), second(Tap water) groups from
adaptation period up to end of experiment table (6-9) in liver activity enzymes(AST, ALT,
ALP, Bilirubin) and the same time similar trends were obtained in those enzymes
negatively in first and second groups up to end of experiment, also some stability of values
at some times of this enzymes and those values were (53.92 0.65, 59.12
1.60)(79.17 1.13, 84.85 1.21) (73.15 0.43, 78.90 1.02) respectively.
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.17, No.3,2018
Proceeding of 6th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
585
Table 6: Effect of treated water in Aspartate transaminase enzyme (AST) IU/L of local male Rabbits(means SE)
Period
Biweekly
Treated
group
Adaptation
period
1st
period
2nd
period
3rd
period
4th
period
Chlorine free
water
1st group
B
33.51±0.81
B
35.75±0.69
C
32.44±0.62
C
30.96±0.76
C
29.18±0.43
Tap water
2nd group
A
35.76±0.34
C
33.14±1.01
D
30.59±0.98
D
28.31±0.07
D
26.13±0.86
Chlorine 3ppm
water
3rd group
AB
34.17±0.09
A
37.94±0.91
B
41.17±0.83
B
47.09±0.76
B
53.92±0.65
Chlorine5ppm
water
4th group
AB
34.85±0.21
A
38.09±0.57
A
43.92±0.17
A
49.81±1.09
A
59.12±1.60
Different capital letters vertically indicate significantly different results (p<o.o5)
Table 7: Effect of treated water in Alanine transaminase enzyme (ALT) IU/L of local male Rabbits(means SE)
Period
Biweekly
Treated
group
Adaptation
period
1st
period
2nd
period
3rd
period
4th
period
Chlorine free water
1st group
C
54.17±0.91
C
56.31±1.69
C
58.11±1.02
C
60.41±0.87
C
61.33±1.08
Tap water
2nd group
B
55.81±1.02
D
48.61±1.71
D
41.87±1.37
D
40.91±0.97
D
40.01±0.83
Chlorine 3ppm water
3rd group
A
57.01±1.09
A
63.13±1.03
B
67.51±1.21
B
72.41±0.98
B
79.17±1.13
Chlorine 5ppm water
4th group
A
56.09±1.13
A
61.76±1.51
A
69.83±1.43
A
76.78±1.37
A
84.85±1.21
Different capital letters vertically indicate significantly different results (p<o.o5)
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.17, No.3,2018
Proceeding of 6th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
586
Table 8: Effect of treated water in Alkaline phosphate enzyme (ALP) IU/L of Male Rabbits(means SE)
Period
Biweekly
Treated
group
Adaptation
period
1st
period
2nd
period
3rd
period
4th
period
Chlorine free
water 1st group
B
48.07±0.31
BC
47.99±0.85
C
44.81±0.77
C
14.97±0.57
C
39.09±0.76
Tap water 2nd
group
A
49.12±0.70
B
45.27±0.84
D
40.94±1.02
D
38.94±0.92
D
35.33±0.79
Chlorine 3ppm
water 3rd group
A
50.01±0.21
A
59.91±1.00
B
64.87±0.65
B
68.95±0.74
B
73.15±0.43
Chlorine 5ppm
water 4th group
A
50.11±0.48
B
55.01±0.95
A
66.17±0.57
A
74.71±0.81
A
78.90±1.02
Different capital letters vertically indicate significantly different results (p<o.o5)
Table 9: Effect of treated water in Billrubin concentration ((mmol/dI) of local Male Rabbits(means SE)
Period
Biweekly
Treated
group
Adaptation
period
1st
period
2nd
period
3rd
period
4th
period
Chlorin free water
1st group
A
58.01±0.02
B
60.11±0.03
C
61.43±0.02
C
62.47±0.03
C
61.35±0.01
Tap water
2nd group
B
55.17±0.03
C
56.31±0.02
D
57.16±0.01
D
55.84±0.03
D
56.19±0.03
Chlorine 3ppm water
3rd group
A
56.02±0.01
A
63.59±0.01
B
66.88±0.02
B
69.14±0.03
B
70.92±0.02
Chlorine 5ppm water
4th group
B
55.93±0.06
A
64.93±0.03
A
69.90±0.02
A
73.19±0.02
A
76.79±0.02
Different capital letters vertically indicate significantly different results (p<o.o5)
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.17, No.3,2018
Proceeding of 6th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
587
The progressively increased in the outcomes of AST,ALT, ALP, Bilirubin in treated groups
with chlorine(3ppm,5ppm) and high percentages of DBPs espically in third, fourth groups
table(6-9) compared with first , second groups during experiment duration could be
attributed to the oxidative stress in liver and the injury done to tissues that containes those
enzymes espically liver cells resulting in production free radicals (ROS) that be impact in
cell activity espically cell wall functions, as considered DBPs as toxic and harmful impact
materials to cell functions, also this DBPs had ability and high affinity with cell wall when
exposed to DBPs resulting in induced many changes in function and composition of cell
wall through increasing permeability and therefore leakage of enzymes to blood stream, or
may be through intervention of those by- products DBPs and chlorine with enzymatic
systems and synthesis process for those enzymes, or by depletion of antioxidants, thses
results confirmed and work in with previous results obtained by some studies
[44,45,49,50,51,52,53] .
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