LEGITIMATE ROOTING OF THE PRINCIPLE OF INDIVIDUALIZATION OF PUNISHMENT IN IRAQI LAW

-, Dr. Baqer Jawad Shamsuldin

doi:10.34278/aujis.2021.170718

	LEGITIMATE ROOTING OF THE PRINCIPLE OF INDIVIDUALIZATION OF PUNISHMENT IN IRAQI LAW
Anbar university Journal for Islamic Sciences
Article 8, Volume 12, Issue 4, December 2021, Pages 2184-2231 PDF (7.78 M)
DOI: 10.34278/aujis.2021.170718
Author
Dr. Baqer Jawad Shamsuldin -
Soran University / College of Sciences, Political and Administrative Sciences
Abstract
The convenience of the punishment from the perspective of positive law refers to making the would-be imposed punishment quite compatible with crime's gravity and criminal offender's seriousness. As for Islamic jurisprudence, this concept was not mentioned therein whatsoever, nor ancient jurists (Islamic law scholars) did refer to it under such a conception. Consequently, they paid almost no attention in respect with establishing its origins and theorizing it thereupon, even though insignificant patterns of such concept had extensively been applied, as some of its additional models were being applied in a limited manner however. The research at hand, has handled within its scope the discussion of the notion of punishment convenience commencement and it has been figured out that its characteristic features were primarily initiated through certain opinions basically presented by positivist-school of thought adherent jurists. Thereafter, the research would have dealt with three patterns of punishment convenience according to law, namely: legislative convenience, judicial convenience, and executive convenience. Then the study furthermore brought up the discussion of Islamic law (Sharia) roots of these (three) available patterns through basically referring to the Qur’anic verses, Prophetic traditions (hadiths), as well as certain opinions held by Islamic law scholars specifically that of the four Sunni schools of thought which were included in their scholarly discussions made about crimes and appertaining ordained punishments, especially chastising discretionary crimes therebetween.In addition, the research has been underlining upon conducting a comparison between Islamic jurisprudential and legal opinions and provisions. The study moreover persistently pursued to explain aspects of agreement and divergence between Islamic jurisprudential and legal resolutions in this regard
Keywords
convenience; punishment; retribution

References
The Holy Quran. Abdelkader Addou, Principles of the Algerian Penal Code, General Section, Adwa, Algeria, Dar Houma, 2010. Abu Dawood Suleiman bin Al-Ash'ath Al-Sijistani Al-Azdi, Sunan Abi Dawood, Al-Sijistani, edited by,Muhammad Muhyi Al-Din Abdul Hamid, Beirut, Dar Al-Fikr, D.T. Abu Khatwa, Dr. Ahmed Shawky Omar Abu Khatwa, Explanation of the General Provisions of the Penal Code, Cairo, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, 2007. Abu Zahra, Muhammad Abu Zahra . Al-Aqwa, , Cairo, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, 2006. Abu Zahra, Muhammad Abu Zahra, Al-Aqwa, Cairo, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, 2006. Abu Zahra, Muhammad Abu Zahra, Al-Jareemah, Cairo, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, 2006. Ahmed Awad, Principles of the Egyptian Penal Code - General Section Bilal, Cairo, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, 2006. Al-Albani, Nasir Al-Din Al-Albani . Series of weak and fabricated hadiths, Riyadh, Al-Maaref Library, 1st Edition, 2002 AD. Al-Amrani, Yahya bin Abi Al-Khair Al-Shafi'i, Al-Bayan fi Fiqh Al-Shafi'i, Beirut, Dar Al-Minhaj, 1st Edition, 2000 AD. Al-Azhari, Muhammad bin Ahmed Al-Azhari . Refinement of the Language, investigated by, Muhammad Awad Merheb, Beirut, House of Revival of Arab Heritage, 1st Edition, 2001 AD. Al-Babarti, Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Mahmoud, al-Inaya Sharh al-Hidaya, , Dar al-Fikr, d.t. Al-Bahouti, Mansour bin Younis, Sharh Muntaha al-Iradaat, Beirut, World of Books, 2nd Edition, 1996. Al-Baji, Abu Al-Walid Suleiman bin Khalaf, Al-Muntaqa Sharh Al-Muwatta, Cairo, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Islami, 2nd Edition, D.T. Al-Barakati, Muhammad Amim Al-Ihsan Al-Mujaddidi, Fiqh definitions, investigated,a group of scholars, Beirut, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, 1st edition, 2003 AD. Al-Bayhaqi, Ahmed bin Al-Hussein bin Ali . Al-Sunan Al-Kubra, Al-Bayhaqi, Ahmed bin Al-Hussein bin Ali, investigated by, Muhammad Abdul Qadir Atta, Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Dar Al-Baz Library,1994 AD. Al-Brifkani,. Baqir Jawad Shams Al-Din . The Legal Rooting of General Punitive Legal Principles. Beirut, Zain Human Rights Publications, 1st Edition, 2016. Al-Bukhari, Muhammad bin Ismail . Al-Jami' Al-Sahih Al-Mukhtasar, , investigated by, Dr. Mustafa Deeb Al-Bagha, Beirut, Dar Ibn Kathir, 3rd Edition, 1987 AD. Al-Dardeer, Abu Al-Barakat Sidi Ahmed . The great commentary on Khalil's summary and its margin Al-Desouki's footnote, , Dar Revival of Arabic Books, d.t. Al-Dinuri, Abdullah bin Qutayba . Gharib al-Hadith, investigated by,Dr. Abdullah al-Jubouri, Baghdad, Al-Ani Press, 1st edition, 1397 AH. Al-Dinuri, Abdullah bin Qutayba, Gharib al-Hadith, investigated by: Dr. Abdullah al-Jubouri, Baghdad, Al-Ani Press, 1st edition, 1397 AH. Al-Durra, SH. General Provisions in the Penal Code.Baghdad, National Library, 1990. Al-Ghazali, Al-Waseet fi al-Madhab, investigated by, Ahmed Mahmoud and Muhammad Muhammad, Cairo, Dar al-Salam, 1st edition, 1417 AH. Al-Gohari, Abu Nasr Ismail bin Hammad ,Al-Sahih Taj Al-Lughah and Al-Sahah Al-Arabiya, , investigated by, Ahmed Abdel Ghafour, Beirut, Dar Al-Ilm Li Malayin, 4th Edition, 1987 AD. Al-Gohari, Abu Nasr Ismail bin Hammad . Al-Sahih Taj Al-Lughah and Al-Sahah Al-Arabiya, investigated by,Ahmed Abdel Ghafour, Beirut, Dar Al-Ilm Li Malayin, 4th Edition, 1987 AD. Ali bin Muhammad bin Ali Al-Zain Al-Sharif . Al-Jurjani definitions, investigated by, a group of scholars, Beirut, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, 1st Edition, 1983 AD. Al-Jassas, Ahmed bin Ali, The provisions of the Qur'an, investigated by,Muhammad Kamhawi, Beirut, House of Revival of Arab Heritage, 1405 AH. Al-Jawziyya, Ibn Qayyim, Informing the Signatories, edited by, Taha Abdel Raouf, Beirut, Dar Al-Jeel, 1973. Al-Juwayni, Imam of the Two Holy Mosques Abdul Malik bin Abdullah The End of the Demand in the Knowledge of the Doctrine, investigated by, Dr. Abdul Azim Al-Deeb, Dar Al-Minhaj, 1st Edition, 2007 AD. Al-Khalaf and Al-Shawi,. Ali Hussein Al-Khalaf and Dr. Sultan Abdul Qadir Al-Shawi .General Principles in the Penal Code, Baghdad, Al-Sanhouri Library, 2012. Al-Marghinani, Burhan Al-Din Ali bin Abi Bakr, Al-Hidaya fi Sharh Al-Bidayat Al-Mubtadi, edited by, Talal Youssef, Beirut, Dar Revival of Arab Heritage, d.t. Al-Mawardi, A. Royal rulings, Al-Mawardi, Cairo, Dar Al-Hadith, d.i., d.t. Al-Mawardi, Ali bin Muhammad Al-Hawi Al-Kabir, investigated by, a group of investigators, Beirut, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, 1st Edition, 1994 AD. Al-Mukhtar, Al-Mawsili, Abdullah bin Mahmoud bin Mawdud, The choice for the explanation of investigated by, Abdul Latif Mohammed, Beirut, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, 3rd Edition, 2005 AD. Al-Qalqalshandi, Ahmed bin Ali, Exploits of Al-Inafa in the Landmarks of the Caliphate, investigated by,Abdul Sattar Ahmed Farraj, Kuwait, Kuwait Government Press, 2nd Edition, 1985 AD. Al-Qarafi, Al-Thakhira, edited by, Muhammad Bou Khabza, Beirut, Dar Al-Gharb, 1994. Al-Ruyani, Abu Al-Mahasin Abdul Wahed bin Ismail Al-Ruyani Bahr Al-Madhab, investigated by, Tariq Fathi Al-Sayed, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, 1st Edition, 2009 AD. Al-Saeed, A. General Provisions in the Penal CodeAl-Nahda Al-Masrya Library, 2nd Edition, 1953 AD. Al-Sarkhsi, Shams Al-Imams Muhammad bin Ahmed bin Abi Sahl .Al-Mabsout, investigated by, Khalil Mohieddine, Beirut, Dar Al-Fikr, 1st Edition, 2000 AD. Al-Shafi'i, Muhammad bin Idris, The provisions of the Qur'an, investigated by,Abdul Ghani Abdul Khaliq, Beirut, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, 1400 AH. Al-Suyuti, Mustafa bin Saad, Demands of Awli al-Naha, Damascus, Islamic Office, 1961. Al-Tirmidhi, Muhammad ibn Issa, Al-Jami' al-Sahih Sunan al-Tirmidhi, edited by, Ahmad Muhammad Shaker and others, Beirut, House of Revival of Arab Heritage, d.t. Al-Yamari, Ibrahim Muhammad Farhoun, Insight of the Rulers, investigated by, Jamal Maraashly, Beirut, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, 2001. Al-Zubaidi, Muhammad Murtada Al-Zubaidi, Taj Al-Arous, investigation, a group of investigators, D. M., Dar Al-Hidaya, D.T., D.T. Al-Zuhaili, Dr. Wahba bin Mustafa Al-Zuhaili .Islamic Jurisprudence and its Evidence, , Damascus,Dar Al-Fikr, 4th Edition, D.T. Bahnasy, Ahmed Fathi Borders in Islam. Arabian Gulf Foundation, 3rd Edition, 1987. El-Gohary, Mustafa Fahmy Individualization of Punishment in Criminal Law - An analytical and Original Study in Egyptian Law and the Laws of some Arab countries, Cairo, Dar Al-Nahda, 2002. El-Sherbiny, Muhammad Al-Khatib, Persuasion in solving the words of Abu Shuja, Beirut, Dar Al-Fikr, 1415 AH. Encyclopedia of Kuwaiti Jurisprudence, Kuwait, Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs, Printing with Chains, 2nd Edition, 1983. Hosni, Dr. Mahmoud Naguib . Explanation of the Penal Code, General Section, , Beirut, Al-Halabi Human Rights Publications, 3rd Edition, D.T. Ibn Abdeen, Muhammad Amin bin Omar bin Abdul Aziz, Al-Muhtar's response to Al-Durr Al-Mukhtar, Beirut, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, 1st Edition, 1994 AD. Ibn Faris, Ahmed bin Faris,. Dictionary of Language Standards.investigated by: Abd al-Salam Muhammad Haroun, Beirut, Dar al-Fikr, 1979. Ibn Manzur, Muhammad bin Manzur Lisan al-Arab, Beirut, Dar Sader, 3rd Edition, 1414 AH. Ibn Mufleh, Ibrahim bin Muhammad Al-Hanbali, The Creator in Sharh Al-Muqni', Beirut, Islamic Office, 1400 AH. Ibn Najim - Zain Al-Din bin Ibrahim bin Muhammad The Clear Sea - Explanation of the Treasure of Minutes .D.M. - Dar Al-Kitab Al-Islami - 2nd Edition - D.T. Ibn Qadamah, Muwaffaq al-Din Abdullah bin Ahmed bin Muhammad, Omda al-Fiqh. investigated by, Ahmed Muhammad Azzouz, D.M., Al-Asriya Library, 2004. Ibn Qudamah, Abdul Rahman bin Muhammad. Al-Sharh Al-Kabeer, investigated by: Dr. Abdullah Al-Turki and Dr. Abdel Fattah Al-Helou, Cairo, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, 1st Edition, 1995. Ibn Qudamah, Muwaffaq Al-Din Abdullah bin Ahmed bin Muhammad .Al-Mughni, , investigated by, Dr. Abdullah Al-Turki and Dr. Abdul Fattah Al-Helou, Riyadh, World of Books, 3rd Edition, 1997. Ibn Rushd Al-Jad Abu Al-Walid, Muhammad bin Ahmed bin Ahmed Al-Qurtubi .Introductions to the Preliminaries, , investigated by: Dr. Muhammad Hajji, Beirut, Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami, 1st Edition, 1988 AD. Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969, as amended. Mahdi, Abdel Raouf Mahdi, Explanation of the General Rules of the Penal Code, Cairo, Atlas Press, 1983. Muwaffaq al-Din Abdullah bin Ahmed bin Muhammad, Omda al-Fiqh, Ibn Qadamah, investigated by,Ahmed Muhammad Azzouz, D.M., Al-Asriya Library, 2004. Rashid, Ali Ahmed Rashid Principles of Criminal Law, Cairo, Authoring Committee Press, 2nd Edition, 1950. Rashid, Ali Ahmed Rashid Summary of Punishments and Manifestations of Individualization of Punishment, , Authorship and Translation Committee, 1949. The Beginning of Al-Mujtahid and the End of Al-Muqtasid, Ibn Rushd Al-Hafid, Abu Al-Walid Muhammad bin Ahmed bin Muhammad Al-Qurtubi, Cairo, Dar Al-Hadith, 2004.
Statistics Article View: 134 PDF Download: 75