Article Highlights

1- Anaplasma marginalis is endemic in sheep in Al-Qadisiah province.

2- PCR it’s the best specific way for Anaplasma marginalis identification.

3- Anaplasma marginalis one of the blood borne disease which transmitted by hard ticks.

Major-surface-protein-4-gene-based detection of Anaplasma marginale isolated from sheep in Al-Diwaniyah province, Iraq

S.F. Klaif¹, A. Jassim², M.A. Alfatlawi³ and M.J. Ali³

¹Unit of Zoonotic Disease Research, Department of Internal Medicine, ²Department of Veterinary Microbiology, ³Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq

saba.falah@qu.edu.iq, 0000-0003-2743-0732

assad.abid@qu.edu.iq, 0000-0002-0871-2155

monyerr.abd@qu.edu.iq, 0000-0002-7874-7783, corresponding

mansoor.ali@qu.edu.iq, 0000-0002-0093-8299

Abstract

This study was purposed for confirming detection and typing of Anaplasma spp in infected sheep from Al-Diwaniyah province, Iraq. Sampling of 50 blood specimens was performed from clinically-identified infection of anaplasmosis. The samples of the blood were subjected to DNA extraction followed by polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR)-based detection of the Anaplasma marginale using major surface protein (MSP₄) gene. The results have shown that 8 blood samples were infected with A. marginale. The PCR-based identification has revealed a confirmative identification of the Anaplasma marginale in the infected sheep. The study identifies Anaplasma marginale as a member of infectious agents that affect sheep in the study city.

Keywords: Anaplasma marginale, Major surface protein, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq

جین البروتین السطحی الکبیر4 المعتمد فی تحدید الانابلازما مارجینالی المعزولة من الأغنام فی الدیوانیة، العراق

صبا فلاح کلیف1، اسعد جاسم2، منیر عبد الأمیر الفتلاوی3 و منصور جدعان علی3

1وحدة بحوث الأمراض المشترکة، 2فرع الطب الباطنی والوقائی، 3فرع الأحیاء المجهریة البیطریة، کلیة الطب البیطری، جامعة القادسیة، الدیوانیة، العراق

الخلاصة

إن الغرض من هذه الدراسة هو لتحدید أنواع الانبلازما فی الأغنام المصابة فی محافظة الدیوانیة، العراق. تم جمع 50 عینة دم من أغنام تم تشخیص إصابتها سریریا بالانابلازموسز. عرضت هذه العینات لاستخلاص الحامض النووی منقوص الاوکسجین متبوعا باختبار تفاعل البلمرة المتسلسل لتحدید الانبلازما مارجنالی وذلک باستخدام جین البروتین السطحی الکبیر (ام اس بی₄). أظهرت النتائج أن ثمانیة عینات کانت مصابة بالانبلازما مارجنالی. اظهرت نتائج التحدید المعتمد على ت تأکید التحدید تفاعل السلسلة المتبلمرة للانبلازما مارجنالی فی الأغنام المصابة. الدراسة تحدد الانبلازما مارجنالی کعضو من العوامل الخمجیة التی تؤثر على الاغنام فی المدینة المدروسة.

Introduction

Anaplasmosis infection is one of the major disease conditions that affect ruminants in the world, and Anaplasma marginale is appreciated to be one of the biological-infectious agents that affect health of animals plus increase economic crisis in the affected areas (1,2). This tick-borne disease is responsible of high mortality rates in the infected animals (3-7). With an incubation period that could reach up to 60 days, signs of severe anemia in the affected animals are manifested due to engulfing of the Anaplasma-infected erythrocytes in the reticuloendothelial system (8). The disease is characterized by the appearance of fever, paleness, anorexia, lethargy, and icterus (9,10). At the level of tissue changes, anaplasmosis induces several alterations such as hepatic and splenic degeneration as a result to anemia and decreased levels of oxygen plus deposition of high amounts of the destructed-erythrocyte-based pigments in the spleen (10). In Iraq, anaplasmosis causes a great impact on the herds and livestock, and using ordinary-diagnostic techniques, such as blood visualization using microscopes, generates low-quality identification of the tested cases (11-13). The disease treatment and control are challenging and required long and frequent testing of the suspected animals using specific and new tools. Here, PCR was used to identify these infections and recognize the main infectious Anaplasma spp that affects sheep in Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq.

Materials and methods

This study was purposed for confirming detection and typing of Anaplasma spp in infected sheep from Al-Diwaniyah province, Iraq. 50 Blood samples of sheep were collected from clinically-identified infection of anaplasmosis. These blood samples were collected in anticoagulant-based tubes. After that, they were kept in a Lab fridge waiting for the next processing steps of this study. The samples of the blood were subjected to DNA extraction followed by polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR)-based detection of the Anaplasma marginale using major surface protein (MSP4) gene.

DNA extraction

To complete the detection process, the 50-blood samples were exposed to commercial-kit-based extraction of the genomic DNA using Genomic DNA Mini Kit^® (Geneaid, China). The manufacturer’s information provided with kit was followed to complete this step. Frozen-blood and proteinase-K type of extraction was performed. The DNA resulted from this process was subjected to NanoDrop spectrophotometer to estimate it quality and quantity. Then, DNA was kept stored at -20ºC to follow up with the next steps.

Polymerase chain reaction

Relying on specific primers which designed by authors by using Gene bank data base, F: ACGAAGTGGCTTCTGAAGGG and R: AGCTAATCCCAACCTTGCCC, PCR was assigned to amplify a highly-conserved sequence of nucleotides, 567bp, in the MSP4 gene that belongs to A. marginale. Bioneer Company, South Korea was ordered to purchase these primers. The mastermix reaction recipe was followed utilizing AccuPower^® PCR PreMix kit (Bioneer Comp. South Korea). DNA polymerase 1U, dNTPs 250 µM, Tris-HCl (pH 9.0) 10 mM, KCl 30 mM, MgCl2 1.5 mM, stabilizer, and tracking dye were already provided in the mastermix tubes. The information accompanied with kit was used to initiate the process of preparing this reaction recipe. After that, adding one by one of 5µl DNA, 1.5µl of 10 pmole of each primer, and 12 µl PCR water was completed. Brief vortexing and centrifugation followed the addition of these components. Then, a thermocycler (Eppendorff Company. Germany) was used to generate the processes of the PCR reaction. The conditions of the thermocycler used in this step were initial denaturation temperature of 95ºC for 5 min, 30 cycles of the denaturation 95°C for 1minute, annealing 58ºC for 1m, and extension 72ºC for 1m, and final extension at 72ºC for 10 min. Electrophoresis via the use of ethidium-bromide-treated 1.5%-agarose gel was performed to visualized the PCR products under a UV illuminator.

Results

Clinical examination results

In mild signs, infected sheep showed signs of pale mucus membranes, loss of appetite and weight loss. Although in light infestation with ticks, these sheep were having a signs of fever.

Microscopic results

Intracytoplasmic Anaplasma inclusion bodies were visualized in erythrocytes.

PCR results

The results have shown that 8 out of 50 blood samples were infected with A. marginale. The PCR-based identification has revealed a confirmative identification of the Anaplasma marginale in the infected sheep. The amplification of the 567-bp piece of the MSP4 gene that belongs to A. marginale was successfully generated (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Image of the electrophoresis of Anaplasma marginale that demonstrates the PCR product amplification of 567-bp piece that belongs to the MSP4 gene. Lane M is the ladder, 100bp. Lane 1 to 8 are the positive amplified products.

Discussion

The ticks which transmit a wide range of veterinary important pathogens, are hyperendemic in the middle and south of Iraq (14). In Iraq, Recent studies of A. ovis and A. marginale in Al-Qadisiyah province, Al-Nasiriyah city and Duhok province were detected in significant infection rate in cattle, sheep and goat respectively (15-17). The most clinical signs which observed by clinical examination on infected sheep were agreed with Ayyz et al (15). Microscopic examination it’s insufficient to detect the low level of Anaplasma infection (18-20), so that molecular methods used for detecting the undetected cases of infected animals (21,22). Using of the PCR technique for more specific and sensitive detecting of minimum level of Anaplasma in infected animals (23-26).

The results of the PCR technique have confirmed that 8 sheep were infected with A. marginale. The rest of the 42 sheep might have been infected with different infectious agents. However, the results indicate that the sheep in the sampled city are suffered from the infection of this species of Anaplasma spp. Moreover, these results also confirm the PCR reliability to identify A. marginale from clinical samples, were Gale et al (27) who compared the results of PCR and ELISA techniques and found that the efficiency rate was 92%. The current results agree with Renneker et al (10) who found that the infection rate of A. ovis in sheep of the northern areas of Iraq was 62.6%. In another study that uses PCR, Soosaraeia et al, (28) and Yousefi et al (18) found that sheep and sheep and goat were infected with A. marginale and A. ovis respectively in Iran, and Ghaffar et al (29) found A. marginale in small ruminants in Pakistan, and this agrees with the current study results. The current study results also agree with Ayyz et al (15), Al-Kassar et al (16) and Naqid et al (17) who detected infection of this infectious agent in sheep, goat and cattle in Al-Qadisiyah province, Al-Nasiriyah city, Duhok province, Iraq. The study identifies A. marginale as a member of infectious agents that affect sheep in the study province.

Conclusion

To investigate the spp. of Anaplasma in sheep in Al-Diwaniyah province, Iraq. We collect 50 blood samples for Molecular identification of Anaplasma marginale between sheep. The results have shown that 8 blood samples were infected with A. marginale. The PCR-based identification has revealed a confirmative identification of the Anaplasma marginale in the infected sheep.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Professor Jabbar A. Alssady Dean of College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al- Qadisiyah, Iraq, for technical assistance.

Conflict of interests

The authors have not received any funding or benefits from industry, agency of financing, or elsewhere to conduct this study.