The Air Bubbles Effect for Underwater Optical Wireless Communication Using 650 nm Wavelength | ||
| Engineering and Technology Journal | ||
| Article 3, Volume 37, 10A, October 2019, Pages 398-403 PDF (301.23 K) | ||
| Document Type: Research Paper | ||
| DOI: 10.30684/etj.37.10A.3 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Salah A. Adnan1; Mazin A.A. Ali2; Fatima S. Hakwar1 | ||
| 1University of Technology, Laser and Optoelectronics Engineering Department - Iraq | ||
| 2University of Mustansiriyah, College of Science, Physics Department - Iraq | ||
| Abstract | ||
| In this research, texts were sent by pulse width modulation (PWM) in the channel of clean water using Arduino hardware and software for an underwater wireless optical communication system (UWOC). The air bubbles device utilized the disturbance at different distances from the transmitter source within the channel of clean water. The total length of the channel is (1) m. In this study, the source of transmitter wavelengths 650 nm was used with the power of 80mw. The results showed that the received power was 32 mW in the clean water, while when air bubbles pump within the channel of clean water at 0.2m, 0.5m and 0.8m away from the transmitter source, the received power was 28 mW, 27.5 mW, and 27 mW respectively. This paper shows that max. Signal to Noise Ratio (S/N) and min. attenuation (α) in the clean water were (24.637dB) and (3.979dB/m) respectively. The practical results showed that the Symbol Error Rate (SER) in the case of the air bubbles pump was maximum (0.03) when the value of (S/N) was minimum (23.899). | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Underwater wireless Optical Communication System (UWOC); Signal to Noise Ratio (S/N); Attenuation (α); Symbol Error Rate (SER); (PWM) pulse width modulation | ||
| References | ||
|
[1] K. Nakamura, I. Mizukoshi, and M. Hanawa, “Optical wireless transmission of 405 nm, 1.45 Gbit/s optical IM/DD-OFDM signals through a 4.8 m underwater channel,” Opt. Express 23, 1558, 2015. [2] H. M. Oubei, C. Li, K.-H. Park, T.K. Ng, M.-S. Alouini, and B.S. Ooi, “2.3 Gbit/s underwater wireless optical communications using directly modulated 520 nm laser diode,”Opt. Express 23, 20743, 2015. [3] C. Shen, Y. Guo, H. M. Oubei, T.K. Ng, G. Liu, K.-H. Park, K.-T. Ho, M.-S. Alouini, and B. S. Ooi, “20-meter underwater wireless optical communication link with 1.5 Gbps data rate,” Opt. Express 24, 25502, 2016. [4] J. Xu, M. Kong, A. Lin, Y. Song, X. Yu, F. Qu, J. Han, and N. Deng, “OFDM-based broadband underwater wireless optical communication system using a compact blue LED,” Opt. Commun. 369, 100, 2016. [5] J. Xu, Y. Song, X. Yu, A. Lin, M. Kong, J. Han, and N. Deng, “Underwater wireless transmission of high-speed QAM-OFDM signals using a compact redlight laser,” Opt. Express 24, 8097, 2016. [6] W. Lu, L. Liu, and J. Sun, “Influence of temperature and salinity fluctuations on propagation behaviour of partially coherent beams in oceanic turbulence,” J. Opt. A, Pure Appl. Opt., 8, 1052–1058, 2006. [7] B.M. Cochenour and L.J. Mullen, “Free-space optical communications underwater,” in Advanced Optical Wireless Communication System, S. Arnon, J. Barry, G. Karagiannidis, R. Schober, and M. Uysal, Eds. Cambridge, U.K. 201–239, 2012. [8] A. Laux et al., “The ABC’s of oceanographic lidar predictions: A significant step toward closing the loop between theory and experiment,” J. Mod. Opt., 49, 439–451, 2002. [9] W. Cox and J. Muth, “Simulating channel losses in an underwater optical communication system,” J. Opt. Soc. Amer. A, 31, 5, 920–934, 2014. [10] B. Cochenour, L. Mullen, and J. Muth, “Effect of scattering albedo on attenuation and polarization of light underwater,” Opt. Lett., 35, 12, 2088–2090, 2010. [11] H.M. Oubei, C. Li, K.-H. Park, T.K. Ng, M.-S. Alouini, and B. S. Ooi, “2.3 Gbit/s underwater wireless optical communications using directly modulated 520 nm laser diode,” Opt. Exp., 23, 16, 20743–20748, 2015. [12] K. Nakamura, I. Mizukoshi, and M. Hanawa, “Optical wireless transmission of 405 nm, 1.45 Gbit/s optical IM/DD-OFDM signals through a 4.8 m underwater channel,” Opt. Exp., 23, 2, 1558–1566, 2015. [13] F. Hanson and S. Radic, “High bandwidth underwater optical communication,” Appl. Opt., 47, 2, 277–283, 2008. [14] H.M. Oubei et al., “4.8 Gbit/s 16-QAM-OFDM transmission based on compact 450-nm laser for underwater wireless optical communication,” Opt. Exp., 23, 18, 23302–23309, 2015. [15] F. Hanson and M. Lasher, “Effects of underwater turbulence on laser beam propagation and coupling into single-mode optical fiber,” Appl. Opt., 49, 16, 3224–3230, 2010. [16] D.J. Bogucki et al., “Comparison of near-forward light scattering on oceanic turbulence and particles,” Appl. Opt., 37, 21, 4669–4677, 1998. [17] M.V. Jamali et al., “Statistical distribution of intensity fluctuations for underwater wireless optical channels in the presence of air bubbles,” in Proc. Iran Workshop Common. Inf. Theory, Tehran, Iran, 1–6, 2016. [18] R.M. Hagem, D.V. Thiel, S.G. O’Keefe, and T. Fickenscher, “The effect of air bubbles on an underwater optical communications system for wireless sensor network applications,” Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett., 54, 729–732, 2012. [19] D.K. Woolf, “Bubbles,” Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, J. H. Steele, S. A. Thorpe, and K. K. Turekian, Eds. New York, NY, USA: Academic, 352– 357, 2001. [20] H. Medwin, “In Situ Acoustic Measurements of Bubble Populations in Coastal Ocean Waters,” Journal of Geophysical Research, 75, 3, 599-611, 1970. [21] D.A. Kolovayev, “Investigation of the concentration and statistical size distribution of windproduced bubbles in the near-surface ocean,” Oceanol., Engl. Transl., 15, 659–661, 1976. [22] B.D. Johnson and R.C. Cooke, “Bubble populations and spectra in coastal waters: A photographic approach,” J. Geophys. Res., 84, 3761– 3766, 1979. [23] D.M. Farmer and D.D Lemon, “The influence of bubbles on ambient noise in the ocean at high wind speeds,” J. Phys. Oceanograph., 14, 11, 1762–1778, 1984. [24] D.C. Blanchard and L.D. Syzdek, “Concentration of bacteria in jet drops from bursting bubbles,” J. eophys. Res., 77, 5087–5099, 1972. [25] Y.-h. Kim, and Y.-h. Chung, "Experimental outdoor visible light data communication system using differential decision threshold with optical and color filters," Optical Engineering, 54, 040501-03, 2015. [26] A. Keskin, F. Genç, S. Altay Arpali, Ö.K. Çatmakaş, Y. Baykal, C. Arpali, " Effects of Focused and Collimated Laser Beams on the Performance of Underwater Wireless Optical Communication Links", Fourth International Workshop on Optical Wireless Communication Istanbul, 2015. [27] Mazin Ali. A. Ali, Salah A. Adnan, Maha sadeq, "Underwater Wireless Optical Communication System Modulate 532nm along 7m by DD/IM," Elixir Elec. Engg. 113, 49051-49053, 2017. [28] Aysan Keskin, Omer Kemal Catimakas.etc, “Effect of focused and collimated laser beams on the performance of underwater wireless optical communication links,"4th international workshop, 2015. | ||
|
Statistics Article View: 294 PDF Download: 239 |
||