Effect addition of Cinnamomum cassia on treatment of pathological infections in Cyprinus carpio L. fingerlings

Article highlights

1-Medical plant can be used as feed additive in fish ration for improve the fish health.

2-The C. cassia one of the medical plant that has been antibacterial activity.

3-The C. cassia can be used in limited concentration to repair and healing tissue damage

Effect addition of Cinnamomum cassia on treatment of pathological infections in Cyprinus carpio L.fingerlings

Mahmoud A. Mohammad¹, Shahbaa K.AL-Taee² and Zahraa M.AL-Jumaa³

¹Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, ²Department of Pathology and Poultry Disease, ³Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq

dr.mahmoud@uomosul.edu.iq, 0000-0002-9636-1884

shahbaa-khal@uomosul.edu.iq, 0000-0001-7798-7091

sandy285@uomosul.edu.iq, 0000-0001-5071-4296

2020-09-03

2021-01-21

Abstract

The goal of this study was to isolate and identify the causative agents that causes death in Yankee Hatch / Erbil fingerling Cyprinus carpio and to investigate the effect of Cinnamon on the infected fish handled. Both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are strongly isolate followed by Aeromonas hydrophila and Klebsiella pneumonia were isolated from liver, kidney and intestine which cause histopathological changes in these organs, characterized by fibrosis in liver, coagulative necrosis in renal tubules in the kidney and sever enteritis. Cinnamomum cassia added to the ration of infected fish at concentration 0.75, 1 and 1.5 %for eight weeks. The histopathological examination reveals that the 1.5% is best the percentage used as food additive for repair and regenerative tissue damage in the liver, kidney and intestine. These study conclude that C. cassia have been used as additive food in fish feed ration at 1.5% and have important role in regenerative tissue damage and keep fish in health status.

keyword: Isolation bacteria, Histopathological changes, Cinnamomum cassia, Food additive, Cyprinus carpio

تأثیر إضافة القرفة على معالجة الإصابات المرضیة لإصبعیات اسماک الکارب الشائع

محمود احمد محمد¹، شهباء خلیل الطائی²، زهراء مصطفى الجمعة³

¹جامعة الموصل، قسم الإنتاج الحیوانی، کلیة الزراعة والغابات، ²فرع الأمراض وأمراض الدواجن، ³فرع الطب الباطنی والوقائی، کلیة الطب البیطری، جامعة الموصل، الموصل، العراق

الخلاصة

هدفت هذه الدراسة الى عزل وتوصیف المسببات المرضیة التی أدت الى نفوق إصبعیات اسماک الکارب فی مفقس یانکی، وتأثیر استخدام القرفة فی علاج الإصابة. تم عزل نسبة عالیة من المکورات العنقودیة الذهبیة والإیشریکیا القولونیة والغازیة القَؤوبة والکلِبسیلة الرئوِیة فی کل من الکبد والکلى والامعاء والتی أدت الى حدوث تغییرات مرضیة نسجیة تمثلت بتلیف الکبد وحدوث النخر التجلطی فی الأنابیب الکلویة والتهاب معوی شدید. اضیفت القرفة الى علیقة الأسماک المصابة وبالتراکیز 0.75 و1و 1.5% ولمدة ثمانیة أسابیع. اظهر الفحص النسجی أن الترکیز 1.5% کان أفضل تراکیز الإضافة العلفیة للقرفة لإعادة ترمیم وإصلاح الانسجة المتضررة فی الکبد والکلیة والامعاء. استنتج من هذه الدراسة انه بالإمکان استخدام القرفة کإضافات علفیة وبترکیز 1.5% لدورها فی تحسین وترمیم الانسجة المتضررة والحفاظ على صحة الأسماک.

Introduction

One of the fastest growing industries in the animal products industry is aquaculture, it is a good source of protein for human consumption as percentage 77% of fish directly and 23% indirect consumption (1). Freshwater fish Cypinidies are the important productive fish in the world and are an important protein source for human, but it susceptible to disease due to stressful condition as overcrowding of breeding, bad management, feeding, physiological status of fish and suppression of immune system. all these condition lead to loss defense mechanisms and facilitates the spread of pathogenic microorganisms which may inhabiting in the water environment and cause disease and high mortality (2,3). Antibiotic and chemotherapeutic agents are more common used in aquaculture for controlling fish diseases and may be used for long period these lead to high resistance of microorganisms, so it necessary to elevate fish defense mechanisms through administration of immune stimulus as Spirulina spp. which consider a good promotiongrowth and production in C. carpio (4) and some additive plant act as scavenger agent for removal mycotoxin (5). Other act as alternative for antibiotic in fish farming (6-9). Administration of medicinal plants is favorite method can be treat bacterial diseases as gram positive and gram negative bacteria as Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus and Aeromonas hydrophila (10,11) one of these plant is Cinnamomum cassia has biological properties as analgesic carminative, hemostatic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, insecticidal, antiparasite and antifungal (12).Cinnamon stimulate innate immunity, so it used to treat disease, inflammation gastrointestinal disorder and urinary infections (13,14). The chemical composition which consist from flavonoids, saponins and tannins have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity and have ability to reduce effects of free radicals to keep cell physiology (15). The aims of the study are isolation and identification the causative agents that cause death in illness fish in Yankee hatch and to determine therapeutic effects of food supplementation of Cinnamomum cassia for treated illness fish.

Materials and methods

During period January - May 2020, one hundred fifty illness fingerlings (Cyprinus carpio) (16) 15± 2 gm were brought from yankee hatch /Erbil to fish laboratory /agriculture college in Mosul university, fish keep in aquarium 40*60*40cm with aerated contentious drainage water and temperature 18-20ºC. Fish are divided in to the first group have thirty fish were pithing and organs liver, kidney and intestine were collocated (17) and divided in to two subgroups: first sub group was preserved in broth for bacterial isolation until reach to the lab. other parts of internal organs were taken and kept in brain heart infusion broth (18) then incubated at 37ºC for 24hr (2). All broths were cultured on blood agar, MacConkey agar, EMB agar and Mannitol Salt Agar. The isolates were grown on agar plates for morphological, biochemical tests and VITEK^® 2 compact for final identification of isolated bacteria (19,20). Whilst second sub group was fixed in 10% formalin for histological examination. The samples were dehydrated by ascending ethanol and clearance with xylene, then harding with paraffin 50˚C and scation with 5micron and staining with hematoxylin and eosin for histological examination (21). Second group included one hundred twenty fish were feeding on commercial pellet and divided randomly to four sub group one of them is consider control group were fish feeding only commercial pellet (Table 1) while the other three groups fish were feeding with commercial pellets with rode powder of Cinnamomum cassia at percentage 0.75, 1 and 1.5% for 8 weeks (22) after that organs liver, kidney and intestine were collected for histopathological examination.

Table 1: Dietary ingredients and chemical composition (% DM) of the experimental diets. containing different percentages of Cinnamon powder

*Calculated according to (23) equation: ME (MJ/Kg) = Protein X 18,8 + Fat X 33,5 + NFE X13,8 (11)

Results

The results of culture showed isolation of 4 types of pathogenic bacteria from infected fishes that included 24 bacterial isolates which high percentage from both S. aureus and E. coli, followed by A. hydrophila,and finally K. pneumonia as in (Tables 2,3).

Table 2: Biochemical characteristics of the isolates S. aureus using VITEK® 2 Compact

Table 3: Biochemical characteristics of the G-ve isolates using VITEK® 2 Compact

Histopathological examination of the liver, kidney and intestine organs in the fish infected with the bacterial Aeromonas and Staphylococcus reveals sever pathological lesions characterized by fibrosis, multifocal infiltration of inflammatory cells with hemorrhage and vacuolar degeneration in hepatocyte (Figure 1), while microscopic analysis of kidney reveals coagulative necrosis, interstitial nephritis with hemorrhage (Figure 2), there was also sever enteritis in an infected fish with Staphylococcus characterized by necrosis of the muscular layer with adhesion of the villi and loss the crypt with necrosis (Figure 3).

Histological analysis of the organs of a diseased fish treated with various concentration of C. cassia 0.75, 1 and 1.5% indicates various healing stages in the liver, kidney and intestine organs. Microscopic examination of liver of fish in group treated with 0.5% of the C. cassia exhibit vacuolar degeneration, infiltration of inflammatory cells with hemorrhage and fibrosis and edema (Figure 4) whereas vacuolar degeneration and dilatation of the sinusoid investigated in the liver of fish in that group treated with C. cassia at 1% (Figure 5), while in comparison to the microscopical examination of the liver in the fish was treated with 1.5%, the liver appear normal there was only moderate infiltration of inflammatory cells (Figure 6).

While microscopic examination of kidney in fish treated with 0.75 and 1% of C. cassia exhibit coagulative necrosis in renal tubules with sever interstitial nephritis with hemorrhage with detection bacterial colonies (Figure 7), in group 1.5% the lesions is less severity and the section appear normal except there was moderate interstitial nephritis (Figure 8).

There were no effects of C. cassia at 0.75% in repairing and healing the damage in illness fish intestine the microscopic examination reveals sever enteritis, hyperplasia of epithelial cells, adhesion of villi and loss crypt with necrosis at the apex of villi (Figure 9), lesions were less severity in group treated with 1% of C. cassia there was only moderate enteritis and less adhesion between villi with vacuolar degeneration in lamina properia (Figure 10). more common effect of C. cassia at group treated with 1.5%the lesions less in severity the microscopic examination exhibit normal structure except there was slight infiltration of inflammatory cells with vacuolar degeneration see (Figure 11).

Figure 1: Microscopic examination of liver in infected fish C. carpio reveals fibrosis (red row), vacuolar degeneration (red dot row), infiltration of inflammatory cells (black dot row) with hemorrhage (black dot row), H&E 1*40.

Figure 2: Microscopic examination of kidney in infected fish C. carpio reveals caogualative necrosis (black row), interstitial nephritis (red row) with hemorrhage (black dot row ) with edema (red dot row ), H&E 1.7*40.

Figure 3: Microscopic examination of intestine in infected fish C. carpio reveals necrosis of muscular layer (red dot row), with adhesion of villi (red row) and loss the crypt with necrosis (black row) H&E 2.9*10.

Figure 4: Microscopic examination of liver in infected fish C. carpio treated with 0.75% of C. cassia vacuolar degeneration (black row), infiltration of inflammatory cells (red row) with hemorrhage (black dot row) and fibrosis (red dot row) and edema (head row) H&E, 1* 10.

Figure 5: Microscopic examination of liver in infected fish C. carpio treated with 1% of C. cassia vacuolar degeneration (red row) and dilatation of sinusoid (black row) H&E, 1* 40.

Figure 6: Microscopic examination of liver in infected fish C. carpio treated with 1.5% of C. cassia moderate infiltration of inflammatory cells (red row) H&E, 1* 40.

Figure 7: Microscopic examination of kidney in infected fish C. carpio treated with 1% of C. cassia coagulative necrosis in renal tubules (red row) sever interstitial nephritis with hemorrhage (red dot row), present colonies of bacteria (black row) H&E, 1* 40.

Figure 8: Microscopic examination of kidney in infected fish C. carpio treated with 1.5% of C. cassia exhibit moderate interstitial nephritis (red row) H&E, 1* 40.

Figure 9: Microscopic examination of intestine in infected fish C. carpio treated with 0.75% of C. cassia exhibit sever infiltration of inflammatory cells (red row), hyperplasia of epithelial cells (red dot row), adhesion of villi (black row) and loss crypt (head row) with necrosis at the apex of villi (black dot row) H&E, 1* 10.

Figure 10: Microscopic examination of intestine in infected fish C. carpio treated with 1% of C. cassia moderate infiltration of inflammatory cells (red row) and less adhesion between villi (red dot row) with vacuolar degeneration in lamina properia (Black row) H&E, 1* 40.

Figure 11: Microscopic examination of intestine in infected fish C. carpio treated with 1% of C. cassia slight infiltration of inflammatory cells (red row) with vacuolar degeneration (black row) H&E, 1* 40.

Discussion

Results in current study showed high percentage from both S. aureus and E. coli, followed A. hydrophila, and finally K. pneumonia, these results correspond to the results of zimbabwe study that shows that E. coli was the most isolate followed by S. aureus (23-25). Medicinal plants have properties as antiviral, antibacterial and anti-parasite (26), so they can be alternative the antibiotics to prevent infectious disease and also have been used for growth promoters and prevent stress, one of them was C. cassia which have properties of antioxidant and antibacterial (27,28). Histological changes consider as a good indicator for fish health status, so the result of present study shows that when illness fish treated with extracted rods C. cassia at 0.75, 1 and 1.5% for 8 weeks reveals the percentage 1.5% is more effective in repair and regenerative tissue damage in liver, kidney and intestine through it is important roles as antibacterial against Staphylococcus and Aeromonas, these result agreement with (29,30), also agreement with previous study of (31) who refer to it is effect of C. cassia as hepatoprotective and gastroprotective effects (15). C. cassia stimulate innate immunity as white blood cells which kill bacteria or by reactive oxygen and nitrogenous species which are toxic to bacteria (32,33), other immune defense mechanism is activation to lysosomal enzyme (34). Cinnamomum spp. is improve tissue is through it is activation to insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) to increase metabolism and increase growth performance and enhance collagen and protein biosynthesis which increase body weight and maintain immune response and keep fish health (35).

Conclusion

More common effect of C. cassia at group treated with 1.5%the lesions more less in severity the microscopic examination exhibit normal structure except there was slight infiltration of inflammatory cells with vacuolar degeneration, so C. cassia have important role in regenerative tissue damage and keep fish in health status.

Acknowledgment

Authors thankfully all members of Collage of Veterinary Medicine and College of Agriculture, University of Mosul.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.