A cytopathological study of the role of liver impression as a diagnostic tool in pigeons

1-    The hepatic impression gives a diagnostic tool to aim in final diagnosis for inflammatory diseases in pigeons.

2-    Investigate any pathological changes which affect local pigeon liver by using liver impression.

3-    Study the relation between cellular contents and bacterial profiles at those impressions for that purpose.

A cytopathological study of the role of liver impression as a diagnostic tool in pigeons

Z.A. Al-Noaimy and A.A. Al-Alhially

Department of Pathology and Poultry Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq

zahraadil65@uomosul.edu.iq, 0000-0001-6971-2784

amoonizzz@uomosul.edu.iq, 0000-0002-8186-4489, corresponding author

2020-05-21

2020-07-14

Abstract

The aim of the current study is to investigate any pathological changes which affect local pigeon liver by using liver impression and providing data base for the results of cytological and morphological features of hepatic impressions of local pigeon also to Study the relation between cellular contents and bacterial profiles at those impressions for that purpose about 20 birds of local pigeon were used in current study. the result showed presence of including heterophil 21.53% monocyte 1.52%, eosinophil 1.04%, basophil 0.01%, macrophage 4.01%. RBC 31.9% and vacuolated hepatocyte 4.94%. We also recorded presence of undifferentiated cells0.19% bacterial infection and parasite infestation of blood protozoa represented by presence of plasmodium parasite inside red blood cell in 4 samples out of 20 samples, G+ Staphylococcus and streptococcus and G- Bacteria coccobacilli as a bacterial. Bacteria including Staphylococci, Streptococci and Coccobacilli were noticed with in different densities between sections, the protozoal parasite as Plasmodium infestation were also detected in 20% of samples We concluded that, the hepatic impression give a diagnostic tool to aim in final diagnosis for inflammatory diseases in pigeons, in addition this impression give a primary idea about bacteria and parasitic infection that can be present in infected pigeons

keywords: Liver impression, Pigeon, Cytology, Bacteria, Parasite infestation

دراسة مرضیة لدور الطبعات الکبدیة کوسیلة تشخیص فی الحمام

زهراء عادل النعیمی و أیمن عبدالله الحیالی

فرع الأمراض وأمراض الدواجن، کلیة الطب البیطری، جامعة الموصل، الموصل، العراق

الخلاصة

هدف الدراسة هو التعرف على التغیرات المرضیة التی تصیب الکبد فی الحمام المحلی وذلک باستخدام الطبعات أو المسحات الکبدیة، وکذلک دراسة العلاقة بین محتوى هذه الطبعات لأنواع مختلفة من الخلایا والمحتوى البکتیری لتلک الطبعات، وتم استخدام حوالی 20 طائرا من الحمام المحلی لهذا الغرض، وأظهرت النتائج وجود الخلایا المتغایرة بنسبة 21,53%، وخلایا وحیدة النواة بنسبة 1,52%، والحمضات بنسبة 1,04، والقاعدیة عند 0,01%، والخلایا البلعمیة هو 4,01%، خلایا الدم الحمر بنسبة 31,9%، والخلایا الکبدیة المجوفة 4,94%، کما تم تسجیل خلایا غیر متمایزة بنسبة 0,19%، کما أظهرت النتائج وجود عدوى بطفیلی الدم البلازمودیوم داخل الخلایا الحمراء فی اربع عینات من اصل عشرین عینة وبنسبة 20% ، کما أظهرت الطبعات وجود العدوى ببکتیریا المکورات العنقودیة والسبحیة موجبة الکرام، والإصابة أیضا بالعصیات المکورة السلبة الکرام، واستنتجنا من ذلک بان الطبعات الکبدیة ممکن أن توفر وسیلة تشخیصیة تساعد فی التشخیص النهائی للأمراض الالتهابیة التی تصیب الحمام فضلا عن ذلک فان تلک الطبعات تعطی فکرة أولیة عن البکتیریا والطفیلیات التی تصیب الحمام المحلی.

Introduction

The avian liver plays an important role for metabolic processing to several body systems including digestive, hemopoietic and Endocrine; due to these multiple functions it is exposed to infections with different diseases by different ways (1,2). Liver disease of the birds includes numerous cases infectious, non-infectious and congenital anomalies in young birds (3), while infectious diseases of avian liver includes viral, bacterial and parasitic infestations. Viral infection such as psittacine herpes virus which cause (Pacheco's disease) other includes adeno virus, paramyxovirus, reovirus, coronavirus and Rota virus (4). A systemic bacterial infection in birds both G+ and G- bacteria can cause hepatitis, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus spp. are most common G+ (3). Toxoplasma, Leukocytozoonosis, Hemoproteins, Trichomonas gallinae are most common parasitic infestations in the birds (3-6). The aim of the studyis to Investigate the cytopathological cases of pigeon liver by using liver impression smears.

Material and methods

Birds

A total of 20 local pigeons were collected and examined for discovering of the pathological cases in the pigeon’s liver by using liver impressions smears.

Taking impression

Impression smears prepared from the cut surface of the liver Later, these impressions smears were dried at room temperature, then dried, fixed with methanol and stained with Giemsa stain. Stained slides were examined microscopically to detect cytopathological lesions in the liver by using oil emersion lens. Some slides showed bacterial cluster the signs (+) applied to referee to 40-50 Bacteria in the field (++) refer to 50-100 Bacteria in the field (+++) refer to 100≤ Bacteria more than 100 in the field (7).

Statistical analysis

Pearson correlation test 2-tailed were made between the score of bacterial densities and percentage ratio of inflammatory cells and hepatocytes in each sample using SPSS program version 19 and under P≤0.05 significance value.

Results

The results of mean percentage ratio of impression smears of 20 samples of liver. The mean percentage of lymphocyte is 31.44% (Figure 1). Heterophil is 21.53% (Figure 2). Monocyte is 1.52% (Figure 3). Eosinophil is 1.04% (Figure 4). Basophil is 0.01%(Figure 5). Macrophage is 4.01% (Figure 6). RBC is 31.9%, vacuolated hepatocyte is 4.94 (Figure 7). Undifferentiated cell is 0.19% (Table 1). Also, the results showed that there is bacterial infection and parasitic infestation of blood protozoa represented by presence of plasmodium parasite (Figure 8) inside Red blood cell in 4 samples out of 20 samples. While the results of bacterial infections in the liver impressions smears show that there is a G+ Bacterial infection represented by Staphylococcus and streptococcus infection (Figure 9), alone or mixed with G- Bacteria represented by Coccobacilli; The signs (+) (++) (+++) were used to refer to the density of bacteria in the field (Table 2). Intranuclear inclusion bodies were founded in the hepatocyte (Figure 10), intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were founded. From table 3 the results revealed a significant positive correlation link between each of Staphylococci-Streptococci density, Coccobacilli density and the macrophage percentage ratio in the hepatic impression sections from pigeon with r value =0.47 and r=0.56 respectively.

Table 1: Showing the mean percentage of counted cell in the liver impression slides from local pigeon

L: Lymphocyte, H: Heterophil, MA: Macrophage, M: Monocyte, E: Eosinophil, B: Basophil, VH: Vacuolated hepatocyte, UE: Underestimated cell.

Table 2: Showing the signs of bacteria profiles and parasite infestation in liver impression slides from local pigeon

Table 3: Showing the correlation coefficient values between bacterial densities and cellular percentage ratios in liver impression slides from local pigeons

H: Heterophil, M: Macrophage, L: Lymphocyte, HE: Hepatocyte. *= significant at 0.05

Figure 1: Liver imprint of pigeon showing lymphocytes and staphylococcus infection (arrow). Giemsa stain, 1000x.

Figure 2: Liver imprint of pigeon showing Bactria inside heterophil (arrow). Giemsa stain, 1000x.

Figure 3: Liver imprint of pigeon showing monocyte and staphylococcus infection (arrow). Giemsa stain, 1000x.

Figure 4: Liver imprint of pigeon showing eosinophil (arrow). Giemsa stain, 1000x.

Figure 5: Liver imprint of pigeon showing basophil (arrow). Giemsa stain, 1000x.

Figure 6: Liver imprint of pigeon showing macrophage lymphocyte bacteria (arrow). Giemsa stain, 1000x.

Figure 7: Liver imprint of pigeon showing sloughed and vacuolated hepatocyte (arrow). Giemsa stain, 1000x.

Figure 8: Liver imprint of pigeon showing plasmodium parasite inside RBC (arrow). Giemsa stain, 1000x.

Figure 9: Liver imprint of pigeon showing staphylococcus (arrow) and coccobacilli (arrow). Giemsa stain, 1000x.

Figure 10: Liver imprint of pigeon showing intranuclear inclusion body (arrow). Giemsa stain, 1000x.

Discussion

Our results showed that there is infiltration of inflammatory white blood cells with all its types such as lymphocyte, monocyte, heterophil, eosinophil and macrophage the presence of all these type of cells in impressions indicate to chronic inflammatory reaction is due to different bacterial infections with G+ and G- bacteria and that is in agreement with (8-10). Also, our results show presence of eosinophil in the impressions and this is due to parasitic infestation with blood protozoa (plasmodium). Inside the red blood cells and this is in agreement with (11-13). In our results presence of RBC within liver parenchyma and this is normal because the liver is regarded as a haemopoietic system and this is in agreement with (14,15). Our results showed presence of vacuolated hepatocyte due to accumulation of fat droplet in its cytoplasm as a reason of metabolic problems of fat sin the body and this is in agreement with (11,16).

The presence of G+ bacteria such as staphylococcus and streptococcus and G- bacteria such as coccobacilli in our results indicates to infection with this bacterium. in pigeon and this may be act as a predisposing factor for generalized enterococcus and this in agreement with (17,18). G+ bacteria are normally present as a microflora in the body and liver and this is in agreement with (19,20). Our results showed intra nuclear inclusion body in the necrotic hepatocyte and infiltration of lymphocyte in the liver parenchyma indicates to viral infection with adeno virus and this is in agreement with (21-23). While presence of intra cytoplasmic inclusion body in our results indicates to infection with chlamydia and this is in agreement with (24).

conclusion

 We concluded that, the hepatic impression gives a diagnostic tool to aim in final diagnosis for inflammatory diseases in pigeons, in addition this impression gives a primary idea about bacteria and parasitic infection that can be present in infected pigeons

Acknowledgment

The Authors are very grateful to the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul for their provided facilities which helped to improve the quality of this work.

Conflict of interest

None of the authors has a financial or personal relationship with other people or organizations that could inappropriately influence or bias the content of the paper.