Theoretical Study to Choose The Appropriate Pumps To Solve The Problem of Low Water Levels of The Iraqi Rivers With The Design of A Floating Pumping Station | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Agriculture Sciences | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Article 7, Volume 10, Issue 2, December 2020, Pages 377-384 PDF (756.17 K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Document Type: Research Paper | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
DOI: 10.33794/qjas.2020.167498 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abstract | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
A study was prepared to select the appropriate pumps for pump stations in order to predict the decrease in the level of Iraq's rivers in general and problems in the pumping stations as a result of this decrease in addition the study was prepared to address the problems in the water pumping projects (pumping stations) in 2019 at the University of Baghdad, the study can be applied for all central and subsidiary water pumping projects spread throughout the provinces, note that the study includes the ( introduction of basic data such as the rise of the river level, dimension the location of the pump for the river, the required height for pumping water and the amount of water required to pump (m3/h), the diameter of the pipes to be used, connecting accessories, the number of entrances and exits of the system, check valves etc..). The study also includes the design of a floating pumping station to address the problem and the study also aims to reduce the financial cost in terms of the use of ideal pump set (motor + pump) for river level (upper and lower ) and thus reduce the engine horsepower, i.e. reducing the power of the engine required for operation, in addition to reducing the cost to buy expensive pumps with high horsepower, reducing the sizes and types of pipes used, as well as reducing the connecting accessories, and thus we have solved technical and economic problems at the same time. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Keywords | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
centrifugal pumps; pumping projects; Hydropower; brake horsepower | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Theoretical Study to Choose The Appropriate Pumps To Solve The Problem of Low Water Levels of The Iraqi Rivers With The Design of A Floating Pumping Station Khalid Saad Al-Obaidy (University of Baghdad, University Presidency, Iraq) Email: khalid.saad@uobaghdad.edu.iq
Abstract:A study was prepared to select the appropriate pumps for pump stations in order to predict the decrease in the level of Iraq's rivers in general and problems in the pumping stations as a result of this decrease in addition the study was prepared to address the problems in the water pumping projects (pumping stations) in 2019 at the University of Baghdad, the study can be applied for all central and subsidiary water pumping projects spread throughout the provinces, note that the study includes the ( introduction of basic data such as the rise of the river level, dimension the location of the pump for the river, the required height for pumping water and the amount of water required to pump (m3/h), the diameter of the pipes to be used, connecting accessories, the number of entrances and exits of the system, check valves etc..). The study also includes the design of a floating pumping station to address the problem and the study also aims to reduce the financial cost in terms of the use of ideal pump set (motor + pump) for river level (upper and lower ) and thus reduce the engine horsepower, i.e. reducing the power of the engine required for operation, in addition to reducing the cost to buy expensive pumps with high horsepower, reducing the sizes and types of pipes used, as well as reducing the connecting accessories, and thus we have solved technical and economic problems at the same time.
Keywords: centrifugal pumps; pumping projects; hydropower; brake horsepower.
For a long time, Iraqi territory has been negatively affected by the decrease in the water received through the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which, according to experts, made it the most serious water crisis in Iraq's history. This crisis caused a great loss of agricultural land estimated at 40 percent of its land, the construction of dams and giant water reservoirs in neighboring countries that affected a lot on the water of the rivers sloping towards Iraq so that the amount of access to it became not enough to meet the needs of agriculture, industry, Energy and livestock farming, but it has come to drinking water and humanitarian needs. The function of the pump in any pumping system or station is to generate enough pressure to overcome the operational pressure of the system to be able to transport water at a certain discharge rate. The operational pressure of the system is a function of discharge through the system and the arrangement of its parts such as (lengths and sizes of pipes, connecting attachments for pipes, change in water height and pressures on fluid surfaces (suction and delivery)) and others. To calculate the required discharge in the pumping system, it requires us to calculate the operational pressures in the system to select the appropriate pump for this purpose. To choose a suction pump with a certain capacity (appropriate pressure) requires knowing the load required to feed the area to be supplied with water and therefore the amount of water required on the basis of which the size of the pump and the capacity required for it are determined. But sometimes the level of the river decreases and therefore the pump used is useless to provide the required water and therefore requires treatment using additional submersible pumps to draw water and provide the necessary pressure to draw the required water and this method is an alternative to lengthening the suctions that are too many disadvantages due to the lack of pressure to draw water, which results in intermittent water withdrawal and sometimes the inability to draw completely. In addition, the use of submersible pumps is an impractical solution because it is very expensive and therefore will cost the institution additional high amounts in addition to the problems of equipping it with electric power and mechanical problems related to the connection of the parts of the submersible pumps with the main system,[1]. goal of the study: Will be studied how to choose the appropriate pump that provides the necessary pressure to draw the required water in case the river level is normal or low to the lowest expected level by studying the determinants that directly affect the work of the pump. In addition, the design of a floating pumping station is an additional solution. II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
..........(1)
Fig. 1. The Sequence of the Pumping Process from Source to Receiver. In order to select the appropriate pump, the total capacity value required for operation must be calculated through the following equation, [2,3]: .......... (2) Where : Q = Discharge (m3 /hr.) g = Ground acceleration water density. = pump efficiency H = Head,(TDH) Total dynamic head, the total pressure of the system which consist of a pipe line system that connects the source of the drawn water to the assembly tank and its unit is (m). The (TDH) of the system can be calculated by the following equation,[3] : .......... (3) Where: HRT : Pressure above the surface of the assembly tank water and is equal to the atmospheric pressure of the open tanks. HRES : Pressure above the level of the river surface or tanks of the source of water withdrawal river and be equal to the atmospheric pressure of open tanks. Therefore, if the source of water withdrawal from the river (open reservoir) and the water collection reservoir are open, the difference between the two water levels is relatively close, the output of the amount (HRT - HRES ) ~ (0) so that law 3 of open reservoirs can be reformulated to the converging water levels in the cloud and assembly reservoirs in the following manner,[4]: .......... (4) In the case of water levels between the source of the river and the water collection reservoir, the amount of atmospheric pressure is uneven for the two levels of water (source of clouds and assembly) and therefore must be taken into account, i.e.( HRT - HRES) (0) and therefore equation (3) must be used. Hs : The static pressure difference between the water level of the suction tank and the assembly tank. Where the amount of static pressure is variable due to the change of the water level of the source (river) and two values of static pressure can be calculated, one represents the upper value of the haed (Hs max) and the other the minimum value of haed (Hs min), and calculated by the difference between the water level of the water reservoir and the water level of the water source. It can also be calculated through,[5]: .......... (5) And .......... (6) Where: = Lowest value for water level at (river). = Highest water level value at (river). The dynamic pressure of the system, which is generated by friction between the water and the pipes, can be calculated through the following equation, [4-5]: .......... (7) Where: v = water speed in pipes (m/s) ............ (8) ........... (9) k = The total loss factor of the system, which consists of two main parts, The first part represents the losses resulting from the K fittings inverse, valves, resin blockers and the links that bind the pipes together and others. The second part of the total loss factor is the losses resulting from the pipe network (KPipe). The total loss factor of the System (K) =represents the total losses for the connecting extensions and the losses for the pipes, and is calculated by the following equation,[6] ........... (10) The Kfittings vary in quantity depending on the type of metal and the shape of the connecting accessories and the manufacturer of these accessories where the amount is processed by the manufacturer of each part. Table (1) is a model of Kfittings values for the connecting accessories for iron pipes. Table.1 for iron
= Total losses for only straight tubes in the system, where it is calculated through , [6] .......... (11) Where: L =Total lengths of straight pipes used in the system. = The friction coefficient of the pipe sand is calculated through: ........... (12) Kr: Represents the roughness factor of the pipe and depends on the type of pipe and the manufacturer of the pipe in addition to the internal conditions of the surface of the pipe in the condition that it is painted or not coated ..Etc. Kr values are based on the pipe manufacturer. Re : Reynolds Number represents fluids, an amount that is not dimensional associated with smooth flow of water and the rate of energy absorbed by water during its flow, and for any fluid flow through a particular pipe and calculated through,[7]: ........... (13) Where: = Viscosity = The roughness coefficient of the kr pipes, which depends on the type of metal used and made of the pipe and the amount of smoothness of the inner pipe surface, is measured in meters (m).
After the capacity of the pump used has been determined, the necessary speed should be determined to operate the pump to provide the necessary amount of water to be equipped in the case of changing levels of the suction (river). It represents the optimum speed of the pump that gives the necessary amount of water without additional losses to the system and at the lowest possible cava ratios to the system. The speed of the pump's rotation can be determined by drawing the hydraulic curve of the pump based on the approach law by taking different values of pump speed and drawing it with the height of the river level of the upper and lower cases. The intersection of the river level curve (in the upper and lower cases) with the amount of pumping required represents the amount of speed that this quantity provides. The law of approach and the drawing of the hydraulic curves of the pump can be applied as follows,[8]: Q1 / Q2 = N1 / N2 .......... (14) The N1 and N2 represent the rotational velocity of the pump shaft (r.p.m.) for the pumping amount Q1,Q2, respectively. By applying the relationship of the discharge with the head, the equation (14) can be reformulated as follows: H1 / H2 = N12 / N22 .......... (15) H1 and H2 represent the head for discharge Q1 and Q2 , respectively. To clarify the method of select the appropriate speed of the pump for several levels of river level, a model of the pump was studied with several speed and several pump quantities and the hydraulic curves of the pump were drawn and illustrated how to choose the amount of pump with the appropriate speed to provide it at the highest and least valuable to the river level, As shown in Fig. 2. At the pumping amount (700 m3 /h), the rotary speed of the pump must be at the lowest level of the river level (BWL) at the limit of 675 rpm., while the rotational speed required to provide the amount of pump required at the highest level of the river level (TWL) should be in the range of (590 rpm). Disclaimer: If used Pipes containing intake or sudden expansion during the flow of water or the use of pipes with a non-circular section or other things that is not found in the system that has been explained should be introduced additional loss coefficients for these matters.
Fig. 2. Pump and Speed Curves
to study the project is determined the amount of water needed and determine the highest and lowest value of the water level of the river that passes during the year in addition to determining the distance between the river and the draw station and determining the quantity and type of connecting parts used in the station, as described in figure 2. The variables mentioned can be listed and the capacity required for the suction pump can be calculated through equation (2) as follows:
i. To calculate the amount of flow, the diameter used for the pipes must be determined, as pipes made of stainless steel material were used in an internal diameter (10") equivalent (0.254 m) and thus by studying the amount of water required and the diameter of the pipe used, the water speed can be determined, equation (8-9) where the speed flow (1.2 m/s). ii. To calculate the total loss factor (K), equation (10), you must calculate the pipe loss factor (Kpipe) and the losses in the fittings (Kfittings), part of which is shown in Fig. 3. The loss factor for fittings can be calculated by calculating the total losses for each part of the system and using Table (1), the total value of the loss coefficient, as described in Table (2), can be found for the various fittings used.
Table 2. Calculating the Total Loss Factor for Kfittings
Then, using equation (11), the loses coefficient of the pipes (KPipe) can be calculated, where the length of pipe used in the system must first be calculated, from the beginning of the lowest river level to the mouth of the water collection reservoir. It was found that the total length used in the system (46 m).And use equation (12) the friction coefficient of the pipes can be extracted by using the highest value of the roughness factor for stainless steel pipes used at a value of (0.3 mm=0.0003 m), and the Re=232.67×103 ,equation (12), the friction coefficient of the pipes (f) can be calculated in the range of 0.0218. Thus, can be compensated for the calculation of the values, equation (12-13) of the pipe loss factor (KPipe) of 3.94. After you can calculate the total loss factor by collecting the losses of the fittings and the losses of the pipes, by applying the equation(4) and using the highest value of static head and combining it with dynamic head, the maximum value of total head losses is calculated at the lowest level of the river level. From the information shown above, the highest value of head losses (static and dynamic) was found to be (7.95) m higher.
Parts of the Pumping Station It is considered one of the solutions to the reduction in water levels in the Iraqi rivers Fig. (3). Parts used in the design of the floating pumping station:
The Mechanism of the Work of the Floating Pumping Station: The submersible pump connects one or two as needed and prefers the specifications of the 8-ang discharged Q= 400 (m3 / hr) and head (H=50m ) The pump is floating and chained to avoid drifting, the flexible pipe allows the pump to descend with low water level, and the pump is electrically attached with high precision protection. The Estimated Cost The estimated cost is about $25,000 with a single submersible pump. Recommendations for the Floating Pumping Station
Fig. 3. Design and Components of a Floating Pumping Station
The exact calculation of the main height of the upper and lower limit is very important for the selection of the appropriate pump. When choosing an inappropriate pump, it increases or decreases the amount of water flow. For example, very little water leads to citizens not having access to drinking water and the increase in water may lead to waste in water and energy, and there are several factors affecting the operating pressure such as high river level and therefore all operating conditions must be assessed to ensure the ability of the pump to achieve what is required, and the use of variable speed pumps is one way to address the difference in operating pressure of the system. After the study was presented, it was shown that.
Conclusion In summary, we would like to show that the processing of a high-capacity pump does not mean the processing of a high amount of water due to the generation of losses of flow that reduces the amount of water processed. A higher amount of water can be equipped with a pump with a lower capacity by changing the internal system of the connection, which is the type and length of the pipes used, the type and number of connecting accessories, in addition to changing the countries used for the pipes to generate the least possible losses to the system. References [1] Idelchik I. E., (1994),Handbook of Hydraulic Resistance’ 3rd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton. [2] Arora, K.R,Fluid ,(2005).Mechanics, Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machines, Standard Publishers Distributors :882-920. [3] Bhattacharya, A. KHydraulic, (1975).Machines . shr B.V. Gupta , Delhi. [4] Esmaaeil, Sameer Mohamed,(2001).Hydraulicpumps and exposed channels ,Coll. of Agriculture, University of Eskandaria ,Egypt. [5] Zachary B. Sharp, (2009). Energy Losses in Cross Junctions’ M.Sc., Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University. [6] Bachus L. and Argel Castodio,(2003).Know and Understand Centrifugal Pumps, Elsevier. Ltd. Oxford. [7] E. J. Finnemore, J. B., Franzini, (2006). Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications’ 10th Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York . [8] Bliesner, R.D. , and J. Keller ,(1982). Diesel Powered Pumping for Irrigation.2nd ed. Detroit, Michigan : Detroit Diesel Allison Division of General Motors Crop. [9] Robert L.S., (1998). Pumping Station Design. 2nd edition . Butterworth. [10] Allteef, Nabeel Ebraheem and Alhadeethy, Essam Khodaer, (1988).Irrigation basics and applications . Directorate of Dar alKotf for printing and publishing ,College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad ,Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research.
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References | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
[1] Idelchik I. E., (1994),Handbook of Hydraulic Resistance’ 3rd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton.
[2] Arora, K.R,Fluid ,(2005).Mechanics, Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machines, Standard Publishers Distributors :882-920.
[3] Bhattacharya, A. KHydraulic, (1975).Machines . shr B.V. Gupta , Delhi.
[4] Esmaaeil, Sameer Mohamed,(2001).Hydraulicpumps and exposed channels ,Coll. of Agriculture, University of Eskandaria ,Egypt.
[5] Zachary B. Sharp, (2009). Energy Losses in Cross Junctions’ M.Sc., Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University.
[6] Bachus L. and Argel Castodio,(2003).Know and Understand Centrifugal Pumps, Elsevier. Ltd. Oxford.
[7] E. J. Finnemore, J. B., Franzini, (2006). Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications’ 10th Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York .
[8] Bliesner, R.D. , and J. Keller ,(1982). Diesel Powered Pumping for Irrigation.2nd ed. Detroit, Michigan : Detroit Diesel Allison Division of General Motors Crop.
[9] Robert L.S., (1998). Pumping Station Design. 2nd edition . Butterworth.
[10] Allteef, Nabeel Ebraheem and Alhadeethy, Essam Khodaer, (1988).Irrigation basics and applications . Directorate of Dar alKotf for printing and publishing ,College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad ,Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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