Physiological effects of lactic acid bacteria against melamine induced toxicity in female albino rats

Physiological effects of lactic acid bacteria against melamine induced toxicity in female albino rats

A.H. Jameel, M.J. Mohammed, M.S. Mahdi and K.M. Thalj

Food Science Department, College of Agriculture, University of Tikrit, Tikrit, Iraq

(Received September 15, 2019; Accepted January 01, 2020; Available online January 1, 2021)

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the ameliorative effect of two type of lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus against melamine toxicity by some physiological indicators in mature female rats after 21 days. In this study using 35 of female mature rats and divided randomly into 7 groups each group contain 5 animals. The results showed that melamine caused a significant decrease in the organs weights liver and spleen and increase in kidney weight with increase of melamine concentration. Also showed to decrease in value of hemoglobin, RBC, WBC, lymphocyte and platelets, while the values of granules were increasing with increase of melamine concentration as compared with control group. Also found that the addition of melamine led to increase in cholesterol, low density lipoproteins and blood glucose, while the values of triglyceride and high density lipoproteins was decreased with increase of melamine concentration. The addition of two types of lactic acid bacteria L. casei and L. acidophilus led to decreasing the negative effect of melamine on the values of all the parameters determined.

Keywords: Actic acid bacteria, Melamine, Physiological parameters

DOI: 10.33899/ijvs.2020.126183.1259, ©2021, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul.

This is an open access article under the CC BY 4.0 license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

التأثیرات الفسلجیة لبکتریا حامض اللاکتیک على السمیة المحدثة بالمیلامین فی إناث الجرذان البالغة

علی حسین جمیل، محمد جمیل محمد، منال صالح مهدی و کرکز محمد ثلج

قسم علوم الأغذیة، کلیة الزراعة، جامعة تکریت، تکریت، العراق

الخلاصة

تهدف الدراسة الحالیة إلى معرفة تأثیر نوعی بکتریا حامض اللاکتیک على السمیة المحدثة بالمیلامین بواسطة بعض المعاییر الفسلجیة فی إناث الجرذان المختبریة بعد مدة 21 یوما. استعملت فی هذه الدراسة 35 من إناث الجرذان البالغة والتی فسمت إلى 7 مجامیع کل مجموعة تضم خمسة حیوانات. بینّت النتائج أن إضافة المیلامین سبب فی انخفاض معنوی فی أوزان الکبد والطحال وارتفاع وزن الکلى مع زیادة ترکیز المیلامین مقارنة مع مجامیع السیطرة. وکذلک انخفاض قیم الهیموکلوبین والعدد الکلی لکریات الدم الحمراء وکریات الدم البیضاء والخلایا اللمفیة والصفائح الدمویة لمجامیع الجرذان، وارتفاع قیم الــ GRN مقارنة مع مجموعة السیطرة. وبینت النتائج ارتفاع قیم الکولیسترول والدهون البروتینیة واطئة الکثافة وسکر الدم وانخفاض معنوی فی قیم الکلیسیریدات الثلاثیة والدهون البروتینیة عالیة الکثافة مع زیادة ترکیز المیلامین. وکان لإضافة نوعی بکتریا حامض اللاکتیک مع المیلامین تأثیراً معنویاً فی خفض التأثیر السلبی للمیلامین على جمیع المعاییر المقاسة أعلاه.

Introduction

Melamine chemical formula [C₃N₃(NH₃)₃] (triazine-2,4,6- triamine 1,2,5) chemical compound have white color widely diffused contained 66.7 % of its weight nitrogen and melamine related to triazine family (1). Its molecular weight 126 Dalton, and considered of illegal milk additives and protein products lead to melamine toxicity in pet animals and its death in America and renal failure in children and death of high number of them in china (2,3). High nitrogen content of melamine and low cost make them used in many countries have low quality control to resist cheating in nutritional products and animal feed stuff (4). And the aim of this additives to increase nitrogen concentration to increase appeared protein value in nutritional products (5, 6). There are many methods to calculate the protein depend on quantity of nitrogen that present that did not differentiate between protein nitrogen and non-protein nitrogen as in kjeldahl method (7). The addition of one gram of melamine in one liter of milk lead to increase protein content with percentage 0.4 %, and the melamine can transferee to food with low concentration do not cause dangerous on humans and considered nontoxic when use in industry of cans that use to save the food that attached to food directly, and the daily limit that approved of melamine and cyanuric acid at 0.2 and 1.5 mg/kg Body weight respectively (8). Melamine considered low toxic compound if present lonely, but present of cyanuric acid that formed as byproducts of formation of melamine and usually be associated with it that increase dangerous of melamine, and make low concentration of melamine source of dangerous on human and animal health (9).

 Gossner (10) mentioned that consuming of melamine of cyanuric acid lead to renal calculi formation. And cause clinical sign of vomiting, fever, hematuria, hypotension and pain at the site of kidney and not all children have renal calculi showed same clinical signs (11). The European food organization advice in European Union that all products that contain melamine more than or equal to 2.5 mg/kg should destructed. Also American food and drug agency (FDA) and European food organization mentioned that the daily limit approves of melamine that did not cause dangerous on human its 0.63 mg/kg (13). While the Canadian ministry of health advertised that the daily limit approved of melamine reached 0.35 mg/kg of body weight daily (14). And European food organization approve to 0.5 mg/kg at the day (15). The lethal dose 50 (LD₅₀) of melamine is 3200 – 3800 mg/kg in male and female rats (16). And recently all organization interested to food and health advice of important of destruction of any food products that contain melamine at any concentrations (17). Saad and Karkaz (18) recorded significant decrease in red blood cell count, total white blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and percentage of neutrophil and significant increase in packed cell volume (PCV), MCV, MCH and percentage of Lymphocyte with increase concentration of melamine in feed that supplemented to rabbit. Al-Seeni (19) Recorded decrease in total leukocyte count, lymphocyte, platelets, MCV and MCH and increase in red blood cell count, hemoglobin, MCHC and monocyte with increase concentration of melamine in feed of rats. (20) Mentioned to presence of significant decrease in number of erythrocyte, leukocyte, hemoglobin, MCHC, lymphocyte and neutrophil and significant increase in PCV, MCV and monocyte with addition of melamine in mice feed.

 Lactobacillus bacteria considered have the ability to ferment wide range of carbohydrate resources and produce lactic acid, and its cell wall teichoic acid that have rule in attachment of microorganism to epithelial tissue of intestine (21). And characterized by its ability to resist acidity and bile salts and it ability to attach to mucus membrane of intestine, and its ability to endemism in gastrointestinal tract of humans (22). Pendone (23) Mentioned that the lactobacillus casei have the ability to decrease acute diarrhea cases in children, and save microbial equilibrium of intestine and prevent gastrointestinal disturbance. As find by (24) that these type of microorganism clear effect in microbial metabolism in colon by decrease activity of both enzyme (B-glucouronidase and Nitroreductase) that have rule in formation and release of toxic and carcinogenic compound in colon, on other hand (25) mentioned this microorganism have the ability to suppress growth of wide spectrum of pathogenic bacteria, and have rule in increase production of immunoglobulin (IgA) that have main rule in immune response of mucus membrane. The aim of the study is to know the effect of lactobacillus bacteria in decrease negative effect of melamine in some growth, blood and lipid parameters in rats.

Materials and methods

This study was done in animal house and laboratories of Agriculture College/ Tikrit University by using 35 of female mature rats obtained from College of Veterinary Medicine/ Mosul University and it's from AlbinoSprague- Dawleyweanling species at age 8-9 weeks and 140-155 g body weight, divided randomly into 7 groups each group contain 5 animals and included control group, animal group that given melamine at dose 10 mg/kg body weight, animal group that given melamine at dose 20 mg/kg body weight, animal group that given melamine at dose 10 mg/kg body weights with L. casei, animal group that given melamine at dose 20 mg/kg body weights with L. casei, animal group that given melamine at dose 10 mg/kg body weights with L. acidophilus, animal group that given melamine at dose 20 mg/kg body weights with L. acidophillus animal/day.

Lactic acid bacteria obtained from Gazi Culture Collection (GCC) Gazi University/Ankara. Melamine was obtained from Chemicals Ltd (Poole, UK). The melamine given to animals after mi xing with sterile water (26) and after dissolve the concentration that mentioned in groups above. And addition of bacterial suspension of lactobacillus of each type L. casei and L. acidophillus with drinking water at number 1.5× 10⁸ colony/ml of peptone water depending on Macfarland solution. The beginning weight recorded after one day of feeding animal lonely and the temperature was 20 – 25 ºC and light period more than 12 hours a day, and feed ad libitum and prepared according to (27) throughout period of experiment that extended for 21 days. After ending of period of experiment directly the animals fasted for 20 hours the animals anesthetized by using chloroform, anatomized to do the tests (28), the blood collected at 8 – 10 ml at two groups on contain anticoagulant Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) to do blood tests the other tubes without anticoagulant that centrifuged by using Centrifuge at 3000 round/ minute for 15 minute to obtained the serum that stored at temperature -20 ^هC until analysis, Moreover, it has been taking the weights of internal organs, which included the liver, spleen and kidney by using a sensitive balance (29).

Blood that collected by tube with anticoagulant (EDTA) used for measuring the red blood cells count (RBC) (10⁶/mm³), total leukocyte count (10⁶/mm³), hemoglobin concentration, platelets, GRN % and lymphocyte % by using complete blood picture system.

The serum was used for measuring Glucose, Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, High density lipoprotein (HDL) and Low density lipoprotein (LDL) (29) by using Biolabo France kit and the analysis done by using Japanese Spectrophotometer type Shimadzu and according to the wave length advised by kit company of each analysis and the concentration calculated according to the equation according to the leaflet of the kit company.

Statistical analysis

The results analyzed by using Linear Model Generalby SAS ready program (30) to study the effect of factors according to complete random design (CRD) also Duncan test was done (31) to defining the significant differences between means of effected factors on parameters at levels (0.05).

Results and discussionفصل النتائج عن المناقشة

Table 1 showed effect of addition of melamine with two concentration (10 and 20) mg/kg with drinking water on internal organ weight of female rats, the results showed presence of significant decrease in weight of liver and spleen at level (P<0.05) for both concentrations (10 and 20 mg/kg) of melamine that was at (7.81 and 7.32) (1.05 and 0.92) in compare with control group (8.89 and 1.47) g respectively, also presence of significant increase in weight of kidney that reached (1.78 and 1.82) g of both concentration in compare with control group 1.74 g. Also noticed there are significant increases in weight of liver and spleen and decrease weight of kidney with addition of both type of lactobacillus bacteria L. casei and L. acidophilus with melamine in compare with animals groups of melamine addition lonely.

إعادة طبع الجدول بشکل جدول یمکن تنسیقه ولیس بشکل اسطر ویتم دفع الکتابة الى موقع محدد من الورقة

Table 1. Effect of adding two types of lactic acid bacteria and melamine effect in organs weight (g) of female rats.

G 1 0 1.74± 0.029 ^d 1.47± 0.032 ^a 8.89±0.015 ^a

G 2 10 1.82±0.054 ^b 1.05±0.024 ^c 7.81±0.020 ^c

G 3 20 1.89±0.015 ^a 0.92±0.043 ^d 7.32±0.012^d

G 4 10 1.78±0.026 ^c 1.24±0.017 ^b 8.35±0.058 ^b

G 5 20 1.83±0.018 ^b 1.08±0.088 ^c 7.85±0.029 ^c

G 6 10 1.77±0. 005 ^c 1.30±0.037 ^b 8.22±0.020 ^b

Different letters in column refer to significant differences at level P>0.05

The results were agree with the results of (32) that mentioned presence of increase weight of kidney with the addition of melamine with feed of female rats. And also agree with the results mentioned by (33) that recorded significant decrease in weight of liver and spleen and increase weight of kidney in female rats with the addition of melamine in the feed in compare with control group. Also the results were agree with (34) that mentioned to significant decrease in weight of liver and increase weight of kidney at the addition of melamine to the feed in compare with control groups. (35) Mentioned to increase weight of kidneys in rats due to addition of melamine and cyanuric acid to the feed of rats. (20) Mentioned presence of decrease of weight of spleen at the addition of melamine to the feed of rats with concentration of 50 mg/kg body weight. Also mentioned by (19 and 36) to presence of significant increase of kidney weight at the addition of melamine to the feed of rats due to the damage of the renal tissue and necrosis of renal tubules and dilation of Bowman's capsule and swelling of the epithelial cells of tubules (12). Also the reason of increase of kidney weight is may be due to formation of calculi in the kidney also because obstruction of tubules in the kidney that leads to renal damage and acute renal failure (37).

Table 2 showed effect of melamine with two concentrations (10 and 20) mg/kg with drinking water in some blood value of female rats, the results showed presence of significant decrease in leukocyte number and lymphocyte percentage at (P<0.05) for both concentrations (10 and 20) microgram/ kg of melamine that was (5.32 and 4.97) (10 and 68.7) in compare with control group (6.53 and 73.5) respectively, also presence significant increase in monocyte percentage that reached (6.53 and 7.43) for both concentrations in compare with control group 5.62. Also noticed there are significant increases in total leukocyte count and percentage of lymphocyte and decrease percentage of GRN at the addition of both type of lactobacillus bacteria L. casei and L. acidophilus with melamine in compare with melamine lonely.

The results were agree with the results that reached by (19) that mentioned presence of significant decrease in number of leukocyte and lymphocyte and presence increase of monocyte at the addition of melamine to the feed of female rats. And the results agree with the result that mentioned by (20) that indicate to significant decrease in total leukocyte count and lymphocyte in elevation of monocyte value at the addition of melamine to the feed of mice in compare with control group. Also the results agree with the results of (36) in presence of decrease in total leukocyte count and lymphocyte at the addition of melamine to the feed of rats. The decrease of lymphocyte percentage at the addition of melamine occurs due to immune suppression of the rats at the presence of melamine (18).

Table 2. Effect of adding two type of lactic acid bacteria and melamine effect in some parameters of white blood cells in female rats.

G 1 0 6.53±0.032 ^a 73.5±0.057 ^a 5.62±0.051 ^d

G 2 10 5.32±0.004 ^d 70.6±0.176 ^c 6.53±0.055 ^b

G 3 20 4.97±0.068 ^e 68.7±0.328 ^e 7.43±0.005 ^a

G 4 10 5.72±0.007 ^c 71.9±0.261 ^b 5.92±0.073 ^c

G 5 20 5.61±0.096 ^cd 70.8±0.196 ^c 6.30±0.378 ^b

G 6 10 5.83±0.021 ^b 71.6±0.140 ^b 5.84±0.035 ^c

Different letters in column refer to significant differences at level P>0.05

One of the mechanisms of probiotics as immune enhancer is promote lymphocyte and phagocyte activity and increase production of immunoglobulin and interferon (38).

Table 3 showed effect of addition of melamine with two concentrations (10 and 20) mg/ kg with drinking water on blood values of female rats, the results showed presence significant decrease number of red blood cells and hemoglobin concentration and platelets count at (P<0.05) that was the number of erythrocyte (5.96 and 4.85) and hemoglobin concentrations (11.21 and 9.44) and platelets count (317.3 and 305.2) in compare with control group 13.86, 7.97 and 341.7 respectively, also noticed significant increase number of erythrocyte and hemoglobin concentrations and platelets count at the addition of both type of lactobacillus bacteria L. casei and L. acidophilus with melamine in control with animal groups of addition of melamine lonely.

Table 3. Effect of adding two types of lactic acid bacteria and melamine effect in some parameters of Red blood cells and platelets in female rats.

G 1 0 12.86±0.043 ^a 7.27±0.034 ^a 341.7±0.953 ^a 69.8±0.503 ^a

G 2 10 11.21±0.006 ^c 5.96±0.016 ^c 317.3±0.266 ^d 67.7±0.405 ^c

G 3 20 9.44±0.007 ^e 4.85±0.037 ^d 305.2±0.321 ^f 64.9±0.841 ^e

G 4 10 11.92±0.032 ^b 6.14±0.113 ^b 328.6±0.761 ^c 68.5±0.776 ^b

G 5 20 10.84±0.056 ^d 5.64±0.102 ^c 321.3±0.888 ^d 66.1±0.581 ^d

G 6 10 11.86±0.045 ^b 6.27±0.043 ^b 330.2±0.712 ^b 68.7±0.288 ^b

Different letters in column refer to significant differences at level P>0.05

The results were agree with the results that reached by (39) that mentioned presence of significant decrease in number of red blood cells and hemoglobin concentration and platelets count at the addition of melamine to the feed of female rats. And agree with what mentioned by (20) that recorded significant decrease red blood cell number and hemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume at the addition of melamine to the feed of mice in compare with control group, because of formation insoluble compound of Melamine cyanurate during metabolism of melamine (40), this compound lead to decrease half-life of erythrocyte due to weakness of cell membrane and decrease resistance of osmotic membrane (41).

The consumption this toxic compound lead to loss of iron from hemoglobin molecule of blood (42) and this reason that responsible for anemia happening. And the reason of increase of number of erythrocyte and hemoglobin concentration and the platelets count due to the rule of probiotics of production of vitamin B, also its effect by enhance immune system, and promote absorption of vitamins and minerals, and stimulate production of organic and amino acids (43). And (44) mentioned that Lipoteichoic acid that presence in wall of lactobacillus bacteria has anti-inflammatory effect by suppuration of receptor of platelets activation, due to the rule of platelets in activation part of immune response, this explain increase its number as response of immune activation due to consumption of probiotics that mentioned by researchers as immune enhancer.

Table 4 showed effect of addition of melamine with both concentrations (10 and 20) mg/kg with drinking water on lipid profile of female rats, the results showed presence of significant increase in cholesterol value and LDL and blood sugar at (P< 0.05) for both concentrations (10 and 20) microgram/ kg of melamine that was cholesterol (98.76 and 102.41) and LDL (31.82 and 33.93) in compare with control group 72.43 and 19.64 respectively, also the results showed presence of significant decrease in value of triglyceride and HDL that was (73.11 and 70.58) and (22.65 and 20.31) respectively in compare with control group. Also noticed there are significant decrease in cholesterol value and LDL and blood sugar and significant increase in value of triglyceride and HDL at the addition of both type of lactobacillus bacteria L. casei and L. acidophilus with melamine in compare with animals groups of melamine addition lonely.

Table 4. Effect of adding two types of lactic acid bacteria and melamine effect in some parameters of lipid profile in female rats.

G 1 0 72.43±0.058^e 83.55±0.056^a 19.64±0.029^d 31.52±0.015^a 115.53±0.023^d

G 2 10 98.76±0.061^b 73.11±0.031^c 31.82±0.034^b 22.65±0.037^d 133.63±0.006^b

G 3 20 102.41±0.125^a 70.58±0.056^d 33.93±0.023^a 20.31±0.026^e 148.58±0.049^a

G 4 10 83.46±0.007^d 77.33±0.149^b 26.84±0.040^c 25.86±0.109^b 125.71±0.084^c

G 5 20 95.38±0.032^c 72.96±0.022^c 30.45±0.036^b 23.12±0.043^c 133.26±0.026^b

G 6 10 85.72±0.097^d 76.92±0.132^b 27.94±0.049^c 26.34±0.002^b 127.45±0.049^c

Different letters in column refer to significant differences at level P>0.05