Practicing Breast Self-Examination Related Knowledge among Women at General Hospitals in Duhok City | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mosul Journal of Nursing (Print ISSN: 2311-8784 Online ISSN: 2663-0311) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Article 9, Volume 8, Issue 1, March 2020, Pages 89-97 PDF (1.18 M) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Document Type: Original Articles | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
DOI: 10.33899/mjn.2020.164725 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Authors | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kawther Mahmood Galary1; Rebar Yahya Abdullah2; Robar Anwar Majid3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1Assistant Lecturer [M.Sc. Maternity Nursing], Community and Maternity department, College of Nursing, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region -Iraq. Phone: 00964 0750 752 6882 Email: kautherrr@gmail.com | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2Assistant Lecturer [M.Sc. Community Health Nursing], Community and Maternity department, College of Nursing, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region- Iraq. Correspond author. Phone: 009644366751750 Email: Rebar.abdullah@uod.ac | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3Assistant Lecturer [M.Sc. Maternity Nursing], Community and Maternity department, College of Nursing, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region -Iraq. Phone: 00964 0750 4769287 Email: Rubaar.anwaar@yahoo.com | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abstract | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Background and aims: Despite the consideration that the Breast Cancer is a preventable cancer, it's still known as the most common cancer among women worldwide. Early detection of it is performed by a medical and self-screening procedure which is Breast Self-Examination (BSE). It makes women more "breast aware", which in turn may lead to an earlier diagnosis of BC. The aims of the study are to assess the level of women’s knowledge regarding practicing BSE, and identify the main reasons regarding practicing BSE. Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted among 200 women attending General Hospitals in Duhok city at the time of data collection 28 January to 10 March 2020. A structured questionnaire was used by researchers to gather the data related to socio-demographic, the knowledge of practicing BSE, the reasons for practicing BSE. Results: Among all women who were interviewed, about (28.5%) practiced BSE , among those women who had practiced BSE, (16.5%) of them had irregular BSE, 6.5% of the woman who had practiced it monthly, about (82.5%) of women had a poor knowledge regarding practicing BSE correctly, very little of them had good practicing BSE knowledge (2%). The main reason for doing it was getting information from mass media in (14%). Conclusions: The majority of women had low knowledge level about practicing BSE. Effective media and providing health education are required to improve the level of awareness toward it. The professional healthcare provider should be contributing to knowledge transfer whenever the opportunity arises. Keywords: breast self-examination, Breast Cancer, Knowledge, Practice | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Keywords | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
breast self-examination; breast cancer; Knowledge; Practice | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Full Text | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Practicing Breast Self-Examination Related Knowledge among Women at General Hospitals in Duhok City
|
Items (n=200) |
Number |
Percent |
Age (year) 18-27 28-37 38-47 48- more |
70 60 48 22 |
35.0 30.0 24.0 11.0 |
Residency Urban Rural |
126 74 |
63.0 37.0 |
Occupation Housewife Worker Employee Profession |
150 3 11 36 |
75.0 1.5 5.5 18.0 |
Level of Education Illiterate Primary Intermediate Secondary Institute College |
75 53 24 18 12 18 |
37.5 26.5 12.0 9.0 6.0 9.0 |
Family history of breast cancer Yes No |
25 175 |
12.5 87.5 |
Table 2: Regarding whether participants had practiced the BSE or not, noted that more than one third about (28.5%) had practiced it, while (71.5%) reported that they had never practiced it; among those women who had practiced BSE (57) women out of 200, (16.5%) of them had irregular BSE, 6.5% of the woman who had practiced it monthly, (2%) were practicing it yearly.
Table 2: Proportion of women Practicing BSE.
Practice Items |
Number |
Percent |
Types of practice Have been practiced Never have been practiced |
57 143 |
28.5 71.5 |
Frequent of practicing BSE Daily Weekly Monthly Yearly Irregular |
1 6 13 4 33 |
0.5 3.0 6.5 2.0 16.5 |
Table 3: Displays the proportion of women who answered properly concerning the endorsed BSE steps. The most often recommended steps had been (20.5%) is implemented it by means of Use right hand to exam left breast and left hand to have a look at right breast , exam the breasts in a circular, clock wise motion moving from outside in (20.5%) . Squeezing the nipple of every breast to search for discharge (13.5%), searching at the breasts in the mirror with hands on the sides (9%), the smallest percentage have been examining the breasts while lying down, place the hand above the head before examining the breasts on that side (7.5%).
Table 3: Percentage of participants performing correct steps of breast self-examination.
Breast self-examination steps |
Practiced Information |
|
No. |
% |
|
Examining breasts at end of the menstrual period |
17 |
8.5 |
Looking at breasts in mirror with arms at sides |
18 |
9.0 |
Looking at breasts in mirror with arms raised over head |
25 |
12.5 |
Looking at breasts in mirror with hands on thigh |
7 |
3.5 |
When looking at breast in mirror looking for swelling dimpling of skin or changes in nipple |
33 |
16.5 |
Examining Breasts While Lying down, Place a towel or pillow under shoulder before examining breast on that side |
16 |
8.0 |
Examining Breasts While lying down, place hand above head before examining Breasts on that side |
15 |
7.5 |
Use right hand to examine left Breast and left hand to examine right Breast |
41 |
20.5 |
Examining Breasts in a circular, clock wise motion moving from outside in |
41 |
20.5 |
Squeezing the nipple of each Breast to look for discharge |
27 |
13.5 |
Table 4: Show the main reasons for practicing BSE, about 14% of participants whom had practicing BSE regarding the information from mass media.
Figure 1: Illustrated the knowledge level regarding practicing BSE, about (82.5%) of women had a poor knowledge regarding BSE on the other hand very little of women had good knowledge about (2%).
Table 4: Reasons for practicing BSE (N= 57)
Items |
Yes |
No |
||
No. |
% |
No. |
% |
|
Physician or other health provider’s advice |
15 |
7.5 |
185 |
92.5 |
Self-study about Breast self-examination |
6 |
3 |
194 |
97 |
Discomfort in the Breast |
8 |
4 |
192 |
96 |
Getting information from mass media |
28 |
14 |
172 |
86 |
Figure 3.1: Grading of knowledge levels about BSE
knowledge level of practicing BSE |
|||||
|
Frequency |
Percent |
Valid Percent |
Cumulative Percent |
|
Valid |
Poor (0-3) |
165 |
82.5 |
82.5 |
82.5 |
avarage(4-7) |
31 |
15.5 |
15.5 |
98.0 |
|
good(8-10) |
4 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
100.0 |
|
Total |
200 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
|
The present study was carried out to assess the women's knowledge regarding BSE. The result shows that a total variety of 200 women who attending general hospitals participated in this study, the highest percentage was in the age group (18-27) about (35%). More than one-third of them were Illiterate about (37.5%). Three quarters of women (75%) were housewives. The higher number of present study (87.5%) has not a family history of BC. The finding of the study done by Ibrahim (2018) concluded that women's ages extended between 18-30 years. More than one quarter (31.4%) of them had primary education, little more than half (51%) were laborers. (96.1%) of ladies have not a family history of BC (14). Similarly, the finding that conducted in South India among ladies, it appeared that (95.2%) have not had a family history of BC. Moreover, despite 16.5% were mindful of BSE, as it were 2.4% are practicing BSE (15).
Regarding whether or not had practiced the BSE; more than one quarter about (28.5%) had practiced it, while (71.5%) reported that they had never practiced it. On the opposite; the student's university of Asian country in Yemen, the proportion is not up to this result (16). In addition to other different countries like; Malaysian women the percentage is (55.4%), Turkish female teachers is (43.9%) and Turkish midwives is (52%) which supported this finding (17, 18).
In the current study, women who had practiced BSE, (16.5%) of them had irregular BSE, only (6.5%) of practiced women had performed it monthly, in addition, (2%) of women had practices BSE once a year. Differently, The finding of the study done in Baghdad only (33%) were practices (BSE), and (60%) of females who had practice it once a month, while (23.3%) of them had practices (BSE) once or twice a year (19). Contrary to different researchers established that Other findings reported (78%) of females know benefits and correct technique to look at their breast, however despite their knowledge only (33%) performed it either once a month, or three to five times a year, or once or twice a year, This findings disagree with the findings of Haji-Mahmoodi (20).
Distribution of knowledge levels about BSE
In the present study, participants had low knowledge level regarding practicing BSE About (82.5%) of women, which probably had low percentage of practicing it. As mentioned by Gok et al. (2009) the findings are completely agreed with the present study and shown the Knowledge level of BSE is the main factors that affecting to the level of performing it, those who had a higher knowledge are more likely to practice it (21).
A study conducted at Panineeya Institute of Dental Sciences, India, on dental students to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) about practicing BSE, concluded that the knowledge and practice were very low. Also highlights the importance of educational programs to improve awareness for regularity of breast cancer screening (22). On the other hand, these findings disagree with the study done by Salaudeen, in Nigeria; they found that there is a gap in knowledge on BSE which ends up to poor practice (23). This disagreement may be due to the absent of the risk factors and signs of the BC amongst the study groups and that they believe they don’t have the disease.
In distinction with the study observed that practicing women had enough understanding regarding BSE and BC, Variables like BC knowledge, awareness of BC screening methods, and regular visits with a health professional person inspired BSE behavior (24).
The finding of study conducted on Kingdome of Saudi Arabia from the Faculty of Education for Science Departments in Dammam University at Hafer Al Batin Governate, , indicates that the knowledge of breast cancer, as well as a practice of BSE among participants were poor before starting the educational program. Factors contributed to this could be gaining such information from a nonprofessional source. Further, lack of awareness regarding the correct methods of how to perform BSE could also be a factor. The researchers recommended: developing a community awareness programs targeted toward women to improve their knowledge and prioritize their concerns and raise women awareness regarding BSE early in their life through media, schools, premarital examinations and maternity clinics (25).
Reasons of practicing BSE
The predominant reason of participants in present study was mass media in (14%), followed by (7.5%) who getting instructions from health care providers during their clinical visit. Similarly, other finding demonstrated the first source of information about practicing BSE were (37%) participants referred to television and radio, (33.5%) mentioned doctors and medical experts and (16%), (13.5%) of participants reported from health program of BSE(19) , This support the effectiveness of the media in promoting public education and changing behavior among the general population. Differently, the findings on Pakistani females, the main source of information of participant were relatives, friends, and neighbors (26). This differentiated in findings may be as a result of environmental instability, additionally, the lack of ability within the performance of BSE was associated with restrained to no BSE activity in society.
In Mosul city, a study conducted on 200 teachers in 32 schools discovered that two-thirds had heard of BSE and the main source of knowledge was TV program (72.9%). (84.4%) of participant had knowledge about the procedure of BSE, (74%) of the responders stated that they had never achieved BSE. The study concluded that obvious lack of general information, negative attitudes, very low practice rate to BSE among school teachers, certain effort required to improve knowledge, change attitude, and enhance practicing of BSE via making use of wide extended educational program to them ( 27).
Although the role of standard BSE within the prevention of BC mortality has been debated, it will however be used to enhance breast health awareness among women (28). In fact, regular BSE has been advised as a section of the general breast health promotion concept (29).
Regarding women who stated that they have ever practiced BSE were asked about specific steps of the procedure, the most frequently endorsed steps were: (20.5%) was applied it by use right hand to examine left breast and left hand to examine right breast also examining breasts in a circular and clock wise motion moving from outside in, squeezing the nipple of each breast to look for discharge(13.5%),looking for swelling, dimpling of skin, or changes in the nipple (16.5%), examining the breasts at the end of the menstrual period(8.5%), looking at the breasts in the mirror with arms at the sides (9%), The least frequently endorsed steps were examining the breasts while lying down, place the hand above the head before examining the breasts on that side (7.5%). The findings of other study showed that about one third of practicing women performed six or less steps correctly out of 12 steps and only 15.6% performed 11 steps (30). Similarly, the findings showed that few participants knew about BSE, and really few women applied it correctly, a finding steady with a document by way of Somdatta et al. (31). In contrast, In Iran, 1402 women were interviewed recently and only 61% of the participants knew about BSE (32)
However, despite discussion regarding the effectuality of BSE, it appears that BSE, not as a public health policy however as a precautions measure, remains a way of preference for early BC detection in developing countries. Resource constraints in low and middle income regions will limit the application of established tips for breast health care in developing countries (33).
Conclusions and Recommendations
In conclusion, only 28.5% of women attending general hospitals had ever practiced BSE. Even a high proportion of them were no longer aware of the appropriate steps of the procedure. It seems that the best way to save women’s life is to increase their awareness of the potential harms of BC, raise their awareness level about early caution signs, risk factors and early detection procedures for this disease. Women who lack confidence in their capability to perform BSE effectively or who have not been taught on the way to do BSE appeared to perform it much less frequently and to have less ability in performing the technique. Therefore, education social employees, teachers and others who are seemed as depended agents of the community may be useful for BSE practice. Nurses are the most Frontline seen personnel and due to the fact they play an integral role in health promotion and training women in the direction of the prevention of the most diseases so health education programs are essential to encourage and improve women’s practice of BSE. Media is a very important source of information about BC and BSE to all women in the society. Because a large part of them are aware of it via the media, so it need be initiated to improve women’s practice of BSE.
References
Secginli S., Nahcivan N. Factors associated with breast cancer screening behaviors in a sample of Turkish women: a questionnaire survey Int J Nurs Stud, 2006; 43:161-171.
Seif YN, Aziz MA. Effect of breast self-examination training program on knowledge, attitude and practice of group of working women. J Egypt Cancer Inst 2000;12:105–15.
Dündar E.P. , Ozmen D. , Ozturk B. , Haspolat G. , Akyildiz F. , Coban S. , et al. The knowledge and attitudes of breast self-examination and mammography in a group of women in a rural area in western Turkey BMC Cancer, 2006; 6: 43.
Park JE. Parks Text book of preventive and social medicine. Jabalpur: Banarasidas Bhanbal publishers; edition; 2002.
Jahan S, Al-Saigul AM, Abdelgadir MH. Breast cancer: knowledge, attitudes and practices of breast self examination among woman in Qassim region of saudi Arabia. Saudia Med J 2006; 27: 1737-41.
Mohamed H, El-Naggar N, Sayed HY. Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding breast self examination among female undergraduate students in the faculty of applied medical sciences at Umm Al-Qura University. Journal of American science. 2013;9:622-32.1.
Siahpush M, Singh GK. Sociodemographic predictors of pap test receipt, currency and knowledge among Australian women. Prev Med. 2002;35:362–8.
Iraqi Cancer Board. Results of the Iraqi Cancer Registry 2004. Baghdad, Iraqi Cancer Registry Center, Ministry of Health,2007.
Austoker J. Breast self examination. BMJ 2003; 326: 1– 2.
Jemal A1, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 2011;61(2):69-90.
Fouzia N. Prevention of Breast Cancer by Breast Self-Examination. J Sci Foundation 2018;16(1):1-2.
Alsaif AA. Breast self-examination among Saudi female nursing students in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2004;25(11):1574–8.
Sardi, A., Orozco-Urdaneta, M., Velez-Mejia, C., Perez-Bustos, A. H., Munoz-Zuluaga, C., El-Sharkawy, et al. Overcoming Barriers in the Implementation of Programs for Breast and Cervical Cancers in Cali, Colombia: A Pilot Model. Journal of global oncology (2019); 5: 1–9.
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Ibrahim, S., Abdullah, W., Ahmed, H. and Al-Banna, D. Impact of education program on breast self examination among a group of women in the Kurdistan Women Union, Erbil city, Zanco J Med Sci., 2018;20(3): 1450_1457.
Available at: doi: 10.15218/zjms.2016.0044.
Kommula AL, Borra S, Kommula VM. Awareness and Practice of Breast Self-Examination among Women in South India. IJCMAS 2014; 3(1):391-4.
Al-Naggar RA, Al-Naggar DH, Bobryshev YV, Chen R, Assabri A. Practice and barriers toward breast self-examination among young Malaysian women. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev.2011;12(5):1173–8.
Ahmed BA. Awareness and practice of breast cancer and breastself examination among university students in Yemen. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010;11(1):101–5.
Ertem G, Koc¸er A. Breast self-examination among nurses and midwives in Odemis health district in Turkey. Indian J Cancer, 2009;46(3):208–13.
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Doshi D, Reddy BS, Kulkarni S, Karunakar P. Breast Self-examination: Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice among Female Dental Students in Hyderabad City, India. Indian J Palliat Care. 2012; 18(1):68–73.
Salaudeen,A,G and Akande T.M and Musa, O,I. Knowledge and Attitudes to Breast Cancer and Breast Self Examination Among Female Undergraduates in a State in Nigeria European Journal of Social Sciences, 2009; 7:3.
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Sara G, Muhammad, K, Tooba, M and Sarah. Knowledge, attitude and practice of a Pakistani female J Pak Med Assoc. 2010;60: 3.
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[1] Assistant Lecturer [M.Sc. Maternity Nursing], Community and Maternity department, College of Nursing, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region -Iraq. Phone: 00964 0750 752 6882
Email: kautherrr@gmail.com
[2] Assistant Lecturer [M.Sc. Community Health Nursing], Community and Maternity department, College of Nursing, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region- Iraq. Correspond author. Phone: 009644366751750 Email: Rebar.abdullah@uod.ac
[3] Assistant Lecturer [M.Sc. Maternity Nursing], Community and Maternity department, College of Nursing, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region -Iraq. Phone: 00964 0750 4769287 Email: Rubaar.anwaar@yahoo.com
Secginli S., Nahcivan N. Factors associated with breast cancer screening behaviors in a sample of Turkish women: a questionnaire survey Int J Nurs Stud, 2006; 43:161-171.
Seif YN, Aziz MA. Effect of breast self-examination training program on knowledge, attitude and practice of group of working women. J Egypt Cancer Inst 2000;12:105–15.
Dündar E.P. , Ozmen D. , Ozturk B. , Haspolat G. , Akyildiz F. , Coban S. , et al. The knowledge and attitudes of breast self-examination and mammography in a group of women in a rural area in western Turkey BMC Cancer, 2006; 6: 43.
Park JE. Parks Text book of preventive and social medicine. Jabalpur: Banarasidas Bhanbal publishers; edition; 2002.
Jahan S, Al-Saigul AM, Abdelgadir MH. Breast cancer: knowledge, attitudes and practices of breast self examination among woman in Qassim region of saudi Arabia. Saudia Med J 2006; 27: 1737-41.
Mohamed H, El-Naggar N, Sayed HY. Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding breast self examination among female undergraduate students in the faculty of applied medical sciences at Umm Al-Qura University. Journal of American science. 2013;9:622-32.1.
Siahpush M, Singh GK. Sociodemographic predictors of pap test receipt, currency and knowledge among Australian women. Prev Med. 2002;35:362–8.
Iraqi Cancer Board. Results of the Iraqi Cancer Registry 2004. Baghdad, Iraqi Cancer Registry Center, Ministry of Health,2007.
Austoker J. Breast self examination. BMJ 2003; 326: 1– 2.
Jemal A1, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 2011;61(2):69-90.
Fouzia N. Prevention of Breast Cancer by Breast Self-Examination. J Sci Foundation 2018;16(1):1-2.
Alsaif AA. Breast self-examination among Saudi female nursing students in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J. 2004;25(11):1574–8.
Sardi, A., Orozco-Urdaneta, M., Velez-Mejia, C., Perez-Bustos, A. H., Munoz-Zuluaga, C., El-Sharkawy, et al. Overcoming Barriers in the Implementation of Programs for Breast and Cervical Cancers in Cali, Colombia: A Pilot Model. Journal of global oncology (2019); 5: 1–9.
Available at : doi:10.1200/JGO.19.00054.
Ibrahim, S., Abdullah, W., Ahmed, H. and Al-Banna, D. Impact of education program on breast self examination among a group of women in the Kurdistan Women Union, Erbil city, Zanco J Med Sci., 2018;20(3): 1450_1457.
Available at: doi: 10.15218/zjms.2016.0044.
Kommula AL, Borra S, Kommula VM. Awareness and Practice of Breast Self-Examination among Women in South India. IJCMAS 2014; 3(1):391-4.
Al-Naggar RA, Al-Naggar DH, Bobryshev YV, Chen R, Assabri A. Practice and barriers toward breast self-examination among young Malaysian women. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev.2011;12(5):1173–8.
Ahmed BA. Awareness and practice of breast cancer and breastself examination among university students in Yemen. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010;11(1):101–5.
Ertem G, Koc¸er A. Breast self-examination among nurses and midwives in Odemis health district in Turkey. Indian J Cancer, 2009;46(3):208–13.
Shatha Ahmed, Mohammed Ali, Knowledge and practices of females about breast cancer and breast self examination in Al-Mansur Institute of Medical Technology /Baghdad/ Iraq, Al- Mustansiriya J. Sci, 2012 ; 23 (3).
Haji-Mahmoodi, M; Montazeri, A; Jarvandi, S; Ebrahimi, M; Haghighat, S and Harirchi. Breast self-examination: knowledge, attitudes, and practices among female health care workers in Tehran, Iran. Breast J. 2002;8(4):222-225.
Gok-Ozer F, Beydag KD, Ozbay C. Determınatıon of nursıng students’ knowledge about breast cancer and how they perform breast examınatıon. Pam Tıp Derg, 2009; 2:15-19.
Doshi D, Reddy BS, Kulkarni S, Karunakar P. Breast Self-examination: Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice among Female Dental Students in Hyderabad City, India. Indian J Palliat Care. 2012; 18(1):68–73.
Salaudeen,A,G and Akande T.M and Musa, O,I. Knowledge and Attitudes to Breast Cancer and Breast Self Examination Among Female Undergraduates in a State in Nigeria European Journal of Social Sciences, 2009; 7:3.
Canbulat N, Uzun O. Health beliefs and breast cancer screening behaviors among female health workers in Turkey. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2008;12:148–56.
AbdEl-Hay SA, Mohamed NS. Effect of Educational Program about Breast Cancer Knowledge and Breast Self-Examination Training on Building Accurate Information and Behavior among Women. Journal of Natural Sciences Research. 2015; 5(4).
Sara G, Muhammad, K, Tooba, M and Sarah. Knowledge, attitude and practice of a Pakistani female J Pak Med Assoc. 2010;60: 3.
Abdullah Al-Fathy MY, Alneema BA. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Breast-Self Examination among School Teachers in Mosul City. Tikrit Medical Journal 2013; 19(2):221-238.
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Petro-Nustas W, Mikhail BI. Factors associated with breast self examination among Jordanian women. Public Health Nurs 2002;19:263–71.
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