Toxoplasmosis is very important zoonotic disease in the world cause by an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite called Toxoplasma gondii can infect human and all warm-blood animals, beef consider from most important source for infection with T. gondii and there is no really data and study about the rate of the infection in beef in Al-Diwaniyah province, so for this reason the aim of this work was designed. A total of 300 samples which collected from heart, tongue, muscles, of 100 slaughtered beef of local and imported cattle, throughout the period from September 2017 to May 2018, initially examined microscopically for searching on T. gondii bradyzoites then all suspected samples was subjected to conventional PCR technique through B1gene amplification to confirm the infection, in addition to analyzed the recorded data for each sample to determine the effect of some factors on prevalence of infection like organ, season and animal age. Out of 300 tested samples only 53 were confirm positive T. gondii DNA. The infection in local beef was higher (22%) than in imported (13.5%), while there is no difference in infection among different examined organs. Regarding to effect of some factors, the autumn season recorded highest rate of infection with significant differences rather than others seasons in both local and imported beef, whereas, age appears with no effect on infection. The local cattle meat is riskier than the imported due to the higher rate of infection with T. gondii, and the animal age cannot affect on the infection rate, in comparing with the season which play role in this rate. |
- Dubey JP. Sources of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnancy. BMJ. 2000;321(7254):127-128. Doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7254.127.
- Halonen SK, Weiss LM. Toxoplasmosis. Handb Clin Neurol. 2013;114:125-45. Doi: 10.1136/bmj.321.7254.127.
- Kravetz JD, Federman DG. Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy. Am J Med. 2005;118(3):212-6. Doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.08.023.
- Jones JL, Dargelas V, Roberts J, Press C, Remington JS, Montoya JG. Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(6):878-84. Doi: 10.1086/605433.
- Ortega A, Acosta Viana KY, Guzman E, Segura JC, Alvarez M, Jimenez M. Prevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii in fattening pigs farm from Yucatan, Mexico. Biol Med Res Inter. 2013;231497. Doi: 10.1155/2013/231497.
- Dubey JP. A review of toxoplasmosis in cattle. Vet Parasitol. 1986;22:177-202. Doi:10.1016/0304-4017(86)90106-8.
- Saadatnia G, Golkar M. A review on human toxoplasmosis. Scand J Infect Dis. 2012;44:805-814. Doi: 10.3109/00365548.2012.693197.
- Zakaria EG. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in different meat juices. Raf J Sci. 2011;22(4):17-25. https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=article&aId=6804.
- Alkhaled MJA, Yakoob AY, Al-hamadani AHU. An investigation of Toxoplasmosis in Free Range chickens, Industrial chickens and duck in mid Euphrates area of Iraq. Al-Qadisiya J Vet Med Sci.2012;11(2):17-24. qmeds.iraqjournals.com/article_80791.html
- Switzer AD, McMillan-Cole AC, Kasten RW, Stuckey MJ, Kass PH, Chomel BB. Bartonella and Toxoplasma infections in stray cats from Iraq. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;89(6):1219-1224. Doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0353.
- Mohammed AA, Abdullah SH. Diagnostic study of toxoplasmosis in domestic chickens in Sulaimani province. Al-Qadisiya J Vet Med Sci. 2013;12(2):63-69. https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=article&aId=80649.
- Mohammed NS, Al-A'ssie AH, Al-saqur IM. Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii Isolated from aborted Iraqi Women. Diyala J Med. 2015;9(1):44-52. https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=article&aId=139622.
- A'aiz NN. Determination of Toxoplasma gondii lineages of sheep in Wasit, Iraq. Iraqi J Vet Sci. 2016;30;2:23-26. Doi: 10.33899/ijvs.2016.121379.
- Amdouni Y, Rjeibi MR, Rouatbi M, Amairia S, Awadi S, Gharbi M. Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in slaughtered ruminants (sheep, goats and cattle) in northwest Tunisia. Meat Sci. 2017;133:180-184. Doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.07.004.
- Lopes AP, Vilares A, Neto F, Rodrigues A, Martins T, Ferreira I, Gargaté MJ, Rodrigues M, Cardoso L. Genotyping characterization of toxoplasma gondii in cattle, sheep, goats and swine from the north of Portugal. Iran J Parasitol. 2015;10:465-472. Doi: PMC4662747.
- Franco EN, Acosta A, Cortes J, Gomez-Marin JE. Survey for Toxoplasma gondii by PCR detection in meat for human consumption in Colombia. Parasitol Res. 2015;115(2):691-695. Doi: 10.1007/s00436-015-4790-7
- Santos SL, Costa KDS, Gondim LQ. Investigation of Neospora caninum, Hammondia sp. and Toxoplasma gondii in tissues from slaughtered beef cattle in Bahia, Brazil. Parasitol Res. 2010;106(2):457-461. Doi: 10.1007/s00436-009-1686-4.
- Berger AE, Herrmann DC, Schares G, Müller N, Bernet D, Gottstein B, Frey CF. Prevalence and genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii in feline faeces (oocysts) and meat from sheep, cattle and pigs in Switzerland. Vet Parasitol. 201;177(3):290-297. Doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.11.046
- Rahdar M, Samarbaf A, Arab L. Evaluating the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in meat and meat products in Ahvaz by PCR Method. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2012;5(4):570-573. Doi: 10.5812/jjm.4280.
- Navari D, Saadati D, Nabavi R, Al-ipour Eskandani M. Epidemiology and molecular prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in cattle slaughtered in Zahedan and Zabol districts, south east of Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2017;13(1):114-119. Doi: PMC6019591.
- Burrells A, Taroda A, Opsteegh M, Schares G, Benavides J, Dam C, Bartley PM, Chianini F, Villena I, van der Giessen J, Innes EA, Katzer F. Detection and dissemination of Toxoplasma gondii in experimentally infected calves, a single test does not tell the whole story. Parasit Vectors. 2018;11(1):45. Doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-2632-z.
- Liu X, He Y, Han D, Zhang Z, Li K, Wang S, Xu L, Yan R, Li X. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in chicken and soil of chicken farms in Nanjing region. Infect Dis Poverty. 2017;6(1):62. doi: 10.1186/s40249-017-0277-3. Doi: 10.1186/s40249-017-0277-3.
- Logar J, Soba B, Premru T, Novak Z. Seasonal variations in acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in Slovenia. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2005;11(10):852-855. Doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01244.x.
- Morin L, Lobry JR, Peyron F, Wallon M. Seasonal variations in acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in the Rhone-Alpes region (France). Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18:E401-E403. Doi: /10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03898.x.
- Yan C, Liang LJ, Zheng KY, Zhu XQ. Impact of environmental factors on the emergence, transmission and distribution of Toxoplasma gondii. Parasit Vectors. 2016;10(9):137. Doi: 10.1186/s13071-016-1432-6
- Elfahal AM, Elhassan AM, Hussien MO, Enan KA, Musa AB, ElHussein AM. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in dairy cattle with reproductive problems in Sudan. ISRN Vet Sci. 2013;19:895165. doi: 10.1155/2013/895165. Doi.org/10.1155/2013/895165.
- Hall S, Ryan KA, Buxton D. The epidemiology of toxoplasma infection. In Toxoplasmosis: a comprehensive clinical guide Joynson DH, Wreghitt TJ editors. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2001. 58-124 p. Doi: /10.1086/340624.
|