Mycorrhizal synthesis between the truffle Terfezia claveryi and Some Annual dicot plants using different culture media

Amin Al-jaff, Bahrouz Mahmood; Mohammed Amin, Miqdad Hamasalh

doi:10.17656/jzs.10706

	Mycorrhizal synthesis between the truffle Terfezia claveryi and Some Annual dicot plants using different culture media
Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani - For Pure and Applied Science
Article 61, Volume 20, Special Issue, April 2018, Pages 589-601 PDF (442.74 K)
DOI: 10.17656/jzs.10706
Authors
Bahrouz Mahmood Amin Al-jaff¹; Miqdad Hamasalh Mohammed Amin²
¹Department of Biology, College of Education, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniyah, Kurdistan Region,
²General Directory of Education of Halabja, Halabja, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
Abstract
The desert truffles were collected from the local wild and the other purchased from local markets. Only two truffle species were identified, Terfezia claveryi and Terfezia boudieri. The wild host plants Helianthemum salicifolium, Heliotropium lasiocarpum, Polygonum aviculare and Amaranthus blitoides and the farm Apium graveolens were chosen and identified according to the identification schemes used for synthesizing mycorrhiza with T. claveryi on M.S. medium, M.S. medium supplemented semisolid PDA and sodium deoxycholate supplemented medium. The mycelial suspension was prepared from the glebal matrix and plated on M.S. medium supplemented Potato dextrose agar (PDA), while seeds of the host plants were germinated on Murashige and Sckoog medium (M.S.). Regarding the mean percent of synthesis of internal and external mycorrhizal associations there were significant differences among the five host plants (P value = 0.000), while no differences seen among the three culture media (P value = 0.851). There were also significant differences among the mean percents of interaction plants and the media (P value = 0.000), and among the periods of time required for mycorrhization between T. claveryi and the host plants using the three culture media, M.S. Medium: external (p = 0.002) internal (p = 0.001), M.S. medium supplemented semisolid PDA: external (p = 0.007) internal (p = 0.001), sodium deoxycholate supplemented medium: internal (p = 0.000), while there was no significant difference between the period of time with respect to external structure when sodium deoxycholate supplemented medium was used (p = 0.033). It was concluded that T. claveryi synthesized better internal and external mycorrhizal association with the two hosts Polygonum aviculare and Helianthemum salicifolium by using any of the three media. An additive advantage of these two hosts is that they showed adequate germination rates (73.3% and 66.6% respectively) within shorter mean germination times (2.343 and 2.390 days respectively).
Keywords
Truffle; Terfezia claveryi; Mycorrhiza

References
[1] Gajos, M. and Hilszczańska, D. “Research on truffles” Academic Journal. Vol. (8), No.38, pp: 1837-1847. (2013). [2] Diez J., Jose, L. M. and Francis, M. “Molecular phylogeny of the mycorrhizal desert truffles (Terfezia and Tirmania) host specificity and edaphic tolerance” Mycologia. Vol. (94). No.2, pp: 247-259. (2002). [3] Bradai, L. Samia, B., and Haroun, C. “Desert truffles of the North Algerian Sahara diversity and bioecology” Emir. J. Food Agric. Vol. (26), No.5, pp: 425-435. (2014). [4] Sbissi, I., Faten, G. Mohamed N., Hadda O., Abdellatif, B., and Maher, G. “Diversity of the desert truffle Terfezia boudieri Chatin in southern Tunisia” Can. J. Microbiol. Vol. (57), pp: 599-605. (2011). [5] Roth-Bejerano, N., Alfonso, N. and Almudena, G. “Types of mycorrhizal association” In: Desert Truffles Phylogeny, Physiology, Distribution and Domestication, 1st ed., Kagan-Zur V., Nutit R., Sitrit Y. and Morti. A. (eds), Heidelberg Berlin: Springer, pp: 69-80. (2014). [6] Kagan-Zur, V., Eran, R. Sm, dar, L. and Nurit, R. “Initial association between Helianthemum and Terfezia is enhanced by low iron in the growth medium” New Phytologist. Vol. (127), No.3, pp: 567-570. (1994). [7] Al sheikh, A. M. “Taxonomy and mycorrhizal ecology of the desert truffles in the genus Terfezia” Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept. of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University. (1994). [8] Kovacs, G. M., Vagvolgyl, C. Oberwinkler, F. “In vitro Interaction of the truffle Terfezia terfezioides with Robinia pseudoacacia and Helianthemum ovatum” Folia Microbiol. Vol. (48), No.3, pp: 369-378. (2003). [9] Khanaqa, A. “Truffle production in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia potential and limitation” Journal of applied botany and food quality. Vol. (80), pp: 14-18. (2006). [10] Slama, A., Fortas, Z. Boudabous, A., Neffati, M. “Study on ascospores germination of a Tunisian desert truffle Terfezia boudieri” Chatin, J. Mater. Environ. Sci. Vol. (5), No.6, pp: 1902-1905. (2014). [11] Sitrit Y., R. Nurit, Varda K., and Tidhar T. “Pre-symbiotic Interactions Between the Desert Truffle Terfezia boudieri and Its Host Plant Helianthemum sessiliflorum” In: Desert Truffles Phylogeny, Physiology, Distribution and Domestication, 1st ed., Kagan-Zur V., Nutit R., Sitrit Y. and Morti. A. (eds), Heidelberg Berlin: Springer, pp: 80-92. (2014). [12] Awameh M. S. and Abdelmagid, A. “Features and analysis of spore germination in the brown kame (Terfezia claveryi)” Mycologia. Vol. (72), No.3, pp: 494-499. (1980a). [13] Trappe, J. and Castellano, M. “Keys to the genera of truffles (Ascomycetes)” [online] pp: 1-18. (2007). Available at: http://www.natruffling.org/ascokey.htm [Accessed 19 Sep. 2015]. [14] Murashige T. and Skoog, F. Murashige and Skoog medium. Physiol. Plant. Vol. (15) pp: 473-497. (1962). [15] Murray, P.R., E. J. Baron, M. A. Pfaller, F. C. Tenover, and R. H. Yolken (eds.) “Manual of clinical microbiology” 6th ed. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. (1995). [16] Chung H., K. Dong-Hun, C. Nam-Seok, and Sang-Sun Lee. “Observation and Distribution of Ectomycorrhizal fungi in Pinus Roots” Mycobiology. Vol. (31), No.1, pp: 1-8. (2003). [17] Iotti, M., A., Amicucci Stocchi V. and Zambonelli A. “Morphological and molecular characterization of mycelia of some Tuber Species in Pure Culture” New Phytologist. Vol. (155), No.3, pp: 499-505. (2002). [18] Alizzi, H. A. “ Cistaceae” In: Flora of Iraq. Vol. (4) Part 1.Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, Baghdad-Iraq, p: 112. (1980). [19] Edmondson, J. R. and Akeroyd, J. R. “Polygonaceae” In: Flora of Iraq. Vol.( 5), Part 1. National Herbarium of Iraq-Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad-Iraq, p: 96. (2015). [20] Aellen, P. “Amaranthaceae” In: Flora of Iraq. Vol. 5, Part 1.National Herbarium of Iraq-Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad-Iraq, p: 163. (2015). [21] Townsend, C. C. “Apiaceae” In: Flora of Iraq. Vol. 5, Part 2.National Herbarium of Iraq-Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad-Iraq, p: 149. (2015). [22] Taski K. J. A. and Dragana, M. V. “Different sterilization methods for overcoming internal bacterial infection in sunflower seeds” Proc. Nat. Sci. Vol. (109), pp: 59-64. (2005). [23] Daud N. H., J. Shashita and Rozi M. An improved surface sterilization technique for introducing leaf, nodal and seed explants of Aquilariam alaccensis from field sources in to tissue Culture. AsPac J. Mol. Biol. Biotechnol. Vol. (20), No.2, pp: 55-58. (2012). [24] Dodds J.H. and Lorin, W. R. “Experiments in Plant Tissue Culture” 2nd edn. United States, America. (1987). [25] Vierheilig H., S. Peter and Mark B. An overview of methods for the detection and observation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in roots. Physiologia Plantarum. Vol. (125), pp: 393–404. (2005). [26] Cao, M.Q., Qiang-Sheng, W. and Ying-Ning, Z. An improved ink-acetic acid technique for staining arbuscular mycorrhizas of Citrus. Int. J. Agric. Biol. Vol. (15), No.2, pp: 386‒388. (2013). [27] Chavez-Barcena, A. T., Judith L. A., Isaac A. S., Maria B. S. Pedro A. G., Victor O. P. A modified staining technique for the anatomical observation of mycorrhizal roots of woody trees. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. Vol. (7), No.28, pp: 3589-3596. (2013). [28] Ambler, J. R. and Young, J. L. “Techniques for Determining Root Length Infected by Vesicular-arbuscular Mycorrhizae” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. Vol. (41), No.3, pp: 551-556. (1977). [29] Jamali, S. and Banihashemi, Z. “Fungi associated with ascocarps of desert truffles from different parts of Iran” J. Crop Prot. Vol. (1), N.1, pp: 4-47. (2012). [30] Brown, R. F. and Mayer, D.G. “Representing cumulative germination, a critical analysis of single-value germination indices” Annals of Botany. Vol. (61), pp117-125. (1988). [31] Ellis, R. A., Roberts, E. H. The quantification of aging and survival in orthodox seeds. Seed Sci. Technol. Vol. (9), No.2 pp: 373-409. (1981). [32] Awameh M. S. and Abdelmagid, A. “Ascospore germination of black kame (Terfezia boudieri)” Mycologia. Vol. (72), No.1, pp: 50-54. (1980b). [33] Nguyen, L. D., Kalachova, L., Novotna, J., Holub, M., Kofronova, O., Benada, O. Weiser, J. “Cultivation system using glass beads immersed in liquid medium facilitates studies of Streptomyces differentiation” applied and environmental microbiology. Vol. (71), No.6, pp: 2848–2852. (2005). [34] Droce A. L. S. Henriette. J. G. and Teis, E. S. “Glass bead cultivation of fungi: Combining the best of liquid and agar media” J. Microbiol Methods. Vol. (94), No.3, pp: 343-346. (2013). [35] Iotti, M., Barbieri, E., Stocchi, V. and Zambonelli, A. “Morphological and molecular characterisation of mycelia of ectomycorrhizal fungi in pure culture” Fungal Diversity. Vol. (19), pp: 51-68. (2005). [36] Pacioni G., Marco, L. Pierpaolo, A., Anna, M. R., Andrea, R. “Francesco P. Isolation and characterization of some mycelia inhabiting Tuber ascomata” mycological research. Vol. (111), pp: 1450–1460. (2007). [37] Baskin J. M. and Carol, C. B. “A classification system for seed dormancy” Seed Science Research. Vol. (14), pp: 1–16. (2004). [38] Nasreen S., Yosaf, M., Akbar S. M. and Ashraf, M. M. “Study of seed dormancy mechanisms, causes and control” Asian Journal of Plant Science. Vol. (1), No.2, pp: 210-212. (2002). [39] Witts K. J. “The germination of Polygonum Species in the field and in the glass-house” Journal of Ecology. Vol. (48), No.1, pp: 215-217. (1960). [40] Aliloo A. A. and Shabnam, D. “Evaluation of different techniques for breaking seed dormancy of Heliotropium europaeum L. (Boraginaceae)” J. Biol. Environ. Sci. Vol. (7), No.20, pp: 87-91. (2013). [41] Webb D. M. “Seed germination and seedling emergence in Amaranthus spp.” Msc thesis, Montana state university, Bozeman, Montana. (1985). [42] Amina H. and Mohemed, N. “Germination and in vitro multiplication of Helianthemum kahiricum at threatened plant in Tunisia arid area” Afr. J. Biotechnol. Vol. (14), No.12, pp: 1009-1014. (2015). [43] Bouzo C. A., Juanc, F. and Rubén A. P. “Improving the germination of celery seeds at high temperature” J. Agri. Soc. Sci. Vol. (3), No.2, pp: 67-69. (2007). [44] Giovannetti, G. and Fontana, A. “Mycorrhizal synthesis between Cistaceae and Tuberaceae” New Phytologist. Vol. (92), No.4, pp: 533-537. (1982). [45] Mackintosh M. E. and Pritchard, R. H. “The production and the replica plating of micro-colonies of Aspergillus nidulans” Genet. Res. Vol. (4), No.2, pp: 320-322. (1963).
Statistics Article View: 6 PDF Download: 185