The Role of Karbala in the Parliamentary Representation in the Ottoman Council of Representatives in (1877-1916) | ||
| KARBALĀʾ HERITAGE Quarterly Authorized Journal Specialized in Karbalāʾ Heritage | ||
| Article 1, Volume 3, Issue 3, September 2016, Pages 163-212 | ||
| Author | ||
| Sami Nadhim Hussain Al-Mansouri | ||
| Abstract | ||
| This research studies the parliamentary representation of the Iraqi Shia in the Ottoman Council of Representatives in the period (1877-1916). It highlights the parliamentary experience in the Ottoman State. The Ottomans made five parliamentary elections, the first and the second of which happened in 1877 after the Sultan Abdul-Hamid the Second ruled the State. However, that parliamentary experience did not last too much; only for 11 months because of the dissolving of the Council in 1878 for about 30 years by the Sultan Abdul-Hamid the Second. It was until 1908 that the Council resumed its parliamentary work. After the Coup of the Union and Progress Committee, three elections were made; in 1908, 1912, and 1914. Accordingly, this research is divided into three sections. The first is devoted to the basic Ottoman law and the most significant legal articles and terms related to parliamentary elections. The second is saved for the elections of the Council and the representation of the three Iraqi districts (Baghdad, Mousl, and Basra). The third section is limited to the three elections which were made and those who won in (Karbala) district. The policy of The Ottoman State was characterized by sectarian discrimination toward the largest sect in Iraq, Shia, in all political, administrative, cultural, and educational fields. In addition, that State also combated Shiism in all parts of Iraq. The clearest example of such discrimination was the number of the Shia benches in the Council, only 2 out of 80 benches were allocated and occupied by one representative in two different parliamentary sessions, 1908 and 1914. That one representative was called (Abdul Mahdi Al-Hafidh) | ||
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